CRBN ligands and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compounds, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same for the inhibition of CRBN, and the treatment of CRBN-mediated disorders.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds and methods useful for binding and modulating the activity of cereblon (CRBN). The invention also provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising compounds of the present invention and methods of using said compositions in the treatment of various disorders.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway (UPP) is a critical pathway that regulates key regulator proteins and degrades misfolded or abnormal proteins. UPP is central to multiple cellular processes, and if defective or imbalanced, it leads to pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to specific protein substrates is achieved through the action of E3 ubiquitin ligases. These ligases comprise over 500 different proteins and are categorized into multiple classes defined by the structural element of their E3 functional activity.

UPP plays a key role in the degradation of short-lived and regulatory proteins important in a variety of basic cellular processes, including regulation of the cell cycle, modulation of cell surface receptors and ion channels, and antigen presentation. The pathway has been implicated in several forms of malignancy, in the pathogenesis of several genetic diseases (including cystic fibrosis, Angelman's syndrome, and Liddle syndrome), in immune surveillance/viral pathogenesis, and in the pathology of muscle wasting. Many diseases are associated with an abnormal UPP and negatively affect cell cycle and division, the cellular response to stress and to extracellular modulators, morphogenesis of neuronal networks, modulation of cell surface receptors, ion channels, the secretory pathway, DNA repair and biogenesis of organelles.

Aberrations in the process have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, both inherited and acquired. These diseases fall into two major groups: (a) those that result from loss of function with the resultant stabilization of certain proteins, and (b) those that result from gain of function, i.e. abnormal or accelerated degradation of the protein target.

Cereblon (CRBN) interacts with damaged DNA binding protein 1 and forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with Cullin 4 where it functions as a substrate receptor in which the proteins recognized by CRBN might be ubiquitinated and degraded by proteasomes.

A new role for CRBN has been identified; i.e., the binding of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), e.g. thalidomide, to CRBN has now been associated with teratogenicity and also the cytotoxicity of IMiDs, including lenalidomide, which are widely used to treat multiple myeloma patients. CRBN is likely a key player in the binding, ubiquitination and degradation of factors involved in maintaining function of myeloma cells. These new findings regarding the role of CRBN in IMiD action stimulated intense investigation of CRBN's downstream factors involved in maintaining regular function of a cell (Chang and Stewart Int J Biochem Mol Biol. 2011; 2(3): 287-294).

Accordingly, there remains a need to find CRBN ligands useful as therapeutic agents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that compounds of this invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective as CRBN ligands. Such compounds have the general formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each variable is as defined and described herein.

It has also been found that other compounds of this invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective as CRBN ligands. Such compounds have the general formula I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each variable is as defined and described herein.

Compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are useful for treating a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions associated with CRBN. Such diseases, disorders, or conditions include those described herein.

Compounds provided by this invention are also useful for the study of CRBN and associated proteins in biological and pathological phenomena; the study of CRBN occurring in bodily tissues; and the comparative evaluation of new CRBN ligands or other regulators of CRBN in vitro or in vivo.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS 1. General Description of Certain Embodiments of the Invention

Compounds of the present invention, and compositions thereof, are useful as CRBN ligands.

As defined herein, the terms “binder,” “modulator,” and “ligand” are used interchangeably and describe a compound that binds to, modulates, or is a ligand for CRBN.

Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the compounds of the present invention exert their effects by binding to CRBN, recruiting a protein substrate which results in ubiquitination by the E3 complex and subsequent degradation of the protein by the proteosome. This results in phenotypes such as, for example, decreased viability of cancer cells.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   Ring A is selected from

-   each of X¹ and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —CH₂—, —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—, —C(NR¹)—,     —C(S)—, or

-   X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

-   each of X³ and X⁴ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —N(R)—; -   X⁵ is a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —CH₂—,     —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, or

-   each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group     selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or     partially unsaturated heterocyclic having 1-2 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and a 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl ring having 0-3         heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; -   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring; or     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl fused ring having 0-2         heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or         sulfur; -   each R² is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR,     —N(R)₂, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂,     —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R,     —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic,     optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or     sulfur, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring     having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,     or sulfur; -   L is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene     units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—,     —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—,     —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

provided that L is other than a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)OCH₂—, —CH₂C(O)—, —C(O)CH₂—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —CH₂CH₂— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or Ring A is

and X² is

-   each R³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ aliphatic; -   Ring B is selected from a 4 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, a 5 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6-membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,     oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring     having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,     or sulfur, wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted with 1-2     oxo groups; -   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and -   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I′:

-   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: -   Ring A is selected from

-   each of X¹, X⁵, and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected     from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R¹)CF₃—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—,     —N(R¹)—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR¹)—,     —P(O)N(R¹)₂—, or

-   X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

-   each of X³ and X⁴ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R¹)F—, —CF₂—, —C(R¹)₂—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,     —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, or —N(R)—; -   each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally     substituted group selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially     unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring     having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen,     oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1         heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in         addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron,         nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; -   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂,     —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   R¹ and X¹ or X⁴ are taken together with their intervening atoms         to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated,         carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or         heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur; -   each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂,     —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂,     —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂,     —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂,     —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆     aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; -   L is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene     units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—,     —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR)—,     —P(O)(NR₂)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—,     —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

provided that L is other than a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)—, Ring A is

and X² is or

Ring A is

and X² is

Ring A is

Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—, or Ring A is

and X² is

-   each R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or optionally     substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic; -   Ring B is selected from a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted     with 1-2 oxo groups; -   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and -   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

2. Compounds and Definitions

Compounds of the present invention include those described generally herein, and are further illustrated by the classes, subclasses, and species disclosed herein. As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^(th) Ed. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito: 1999, and “March's Advanced Organic Chemistry”, 5^(th) Ed., Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March, J., John Wiley & Sons, New York: 2001, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group”, as used herein, means a straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, or a monocyclic hydrocarbon or bicyclic hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic (also referred to herein as “carbocycle,” “cycloaliphatic” or “cycloalkyl”), that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-5 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-3 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-2 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some embodiments, “cycloaliphatic” (or “carbocycle” or “cycloalkyl”) refers to a monocyclic C₃-C₆ hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.

As used herein, the term “bridged bicyclic” refers to any bicyclic ring system, i.e. carbocyclic or heterocyclic, saturated or partially unsaturated, having at least one bridge. As defined by IUPAC, a “bridge” is an unbranched chain of atoms or an atom or a valence bond connecting two bridgeheads, where a “bridgehead” is any skeletal atom of the ring system which is bonded to three or more skeletal atoms (excluding hydrogen). In some embodiments, a bridged bicyclic group has 7-12 ring members and 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Such bridged bicyclic groups are well known in the art and include those groups set forth below where each group is attached to the rest of the molecule at any substitutable carbon or nitrogen atom. Unless otherwise specified, a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted with one or more substituents as set forth for aliphatic groups. Additionally or alternatively, any substitutable nitrogen of a bridged bicyclic group is optionally substituted. Exemplary bridged bicyclics include:

The term “lower alkyl” refers to a C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkyl group. Exemplary lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl.

The term “lower haloalkyl” refers to a C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkyl group that is substituted with one or more halogen atoms.

The term “heteroatom” means one or more of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl) or NR⁺ (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).

The term “unsaturated,” as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation.

As used herein, the term “bivalent C₁₋₈ (or C₁₋₆) saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain”, refers to bivalent alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene chains that are straight or branched as defined herein.

The term “alkylene” refers to a bivalent alkyl group. An “alkylene chain” is a polymethylene group, i.e., —(CH₂)—, wherein n is a positive integer, preferably from 1 to 6, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 3, from 1 to 2, or from 2 to 3. A substituted alkylene chain is a polymethylene group in which one or more methylene hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.

The term “alkenylene” refers to a bivalent alkenyl group. A substituted alkenylene chain is a polymethylene group containing at least one double bond in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with a substituent. Suitable substituents include those described below for a substituted aliphatic group.

As used herein, the term “cyclopropylenyl” refers to a bivalent cyclopropyl group of the following structure:

The term “halogen” means F, Cl, Br, or I.

The term “aryl” used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl,” “aralkoxy,” or “aryloxyalkyl,” refers to monocyclic or bicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members. The term “aryl” may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring.” In certain embodiments of the present invention, “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system which includes, but not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also included within the scope of the term “aryl,” as it is used herein, is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non-aromatic rings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.

The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-,” used alone or as part of a larger moiety, e.g., “heteroaralkyl,” or “heteroaralkoxy,” refer to groups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14π electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms. The term “heteroatom” refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen. Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl. The terms “heteroaryl” and “heteroar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring. Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-3(4H)-one. A heteroaryl group may be mono- or bicyclic. The term “heteroaryl” may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring,” “heteroaryl group,” or “heteroaromatic,” any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted. The term “heteroaralkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.

As used herein, the terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclic radical,” and “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably and refer to a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or 7-10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic moiety that is either saturated or partially unsaturated, and having, in addition to carbon atoms, one or more, preferably one to four, heteroatoms, as defined above. When used in reference to a ring atom of a heterocycle, the term “nitrogen” includes a substituted nitrogen. As an example, in a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having 0-3 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, the nitrogen may be N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), NH (as in pyrrolidinyl), or ⁺NR (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl).

A heterocyclic ring can be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure and any of the ring atoms can be optionally substituted. Examples of such saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic radicals include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, dioxanyl, dioxolanyl, diazepinyl, oxazepinyl, thiazepinyl, morpholinyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptane, and quinuclidinyl. The terms “heterocycle,” “heterocyclyl,” “heterocyclyl ring,” “heterocyclic group,” “heterocyclic moiety,” and “heterocyclic radical,” are used interchangeably herein, and also include groups in which a heterocyclyl ring is fused to one or more aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloaliphatic rings, such as indolinyl, 3H-indolyl, chromanyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydroquinolinyl. A heterocyclyl group may be mono- or bicyclic. The term “heterocyclylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heterocyclyl, wherein the alkyl and heterocyclyl portions independently are optionally substituted.

As used herein, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a ring moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aryl or heteroaryl moieties, as herein defined.

As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain “optionally substituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted,” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or more hydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitable substituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted” group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds. The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are not substantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for their production, detection, and, in certain embodiments, their recovery, purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.

Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group are independently halogen; —(CH₂)₀₋₄R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄OR^(∘); —O(CH₂)₀₋₄R^(∘), —O—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄CH(OR^(∘))₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄SR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄Ph, which may be substituted with R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph which may be substituted with R^(∘); —CH═CHPh, which may be substituted with R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄O(CH₂)₀₋₁-pyridyl which may be substituted with R^(∘); —NO₂; —CN; —N₃; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(∘))₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(∘))C(O)R^(∘); —N(R^(∘))C(S)R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(∘))C(O)NR^(∘) ₂; —N(R^(∘))C(S)NR^(∘) ₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(∘))C(O)OR^(∘); —N(R^(∘))N(R^(∘))C(O)R^(∘); —N(R^(∘))N(R^(∘))C(O)NR^(∘) ₂; —N(R^(∘))N(R^(∘))C(O)OR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)R^(∘); —C(S)R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)SR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OSiR^(∘) ₃; —(CH₂)₀₋₄OC(O)R^(∘); —OC(O)(CH₂)₀₋₄SR^(∘); —SC(S)SR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄SC(O)R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)NR^(∘) ₂; —C(S)NR^(∘) ₂; —C(S)SR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄OC(O)NR^(∘) ₂; —C(O)N(OR^(∘))R^(∘); —C(O)C(O)R^(∘); —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^(∘); —C(NOR^(∘))R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄SSR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)₂R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)₂OR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄OS(O)₂R^(∘); —S(O)₂NR^(∘) ₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)R^(∘); —N(R^(∘))S(O)₂NR^(∘) ₂; —N(R^(∘))S(O)₂R^(∘); —N(OR^(∘))R^(∘); —C(NH)NR^(∘) ₂; —P(O)₂R^(∘); —P(O)R^(∘) ₂; —OP(O)R^(∘) ₂; —OP(O)(OR^(∘))₂; —SiR^(∘) ₃; —(C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylene)O—N(R^(∘))₂; or —(C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylene)C(O)O—N(R^(∘))₂, wherein each R^(∘) may be substituted as defined below and is independently hydrogen, C₆ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, —CH₂-(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R^(∘), taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below.

Suitable monovalent substituents on R^(∘) (or the ring formed by taking two independent occurrences of R^(∘) together with their intervening atoms), are independently halogen, —(CH₂)₀₋₂R^(●), -(haloR^(●)), —(CH₂)₀₋₂OH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂OR^(●), —(CH₂)₀₋₂CH(OR^(●))₂; —O(haloR^(●)), —CN, —N₃, —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)R^(●), —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)OH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)OR^(●), —(CH₂)₀₋₂SR^(●), —(CH₂)₀₋₂SH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NH₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHR^(●), —(CH₂)₀₋₂NR^(●) ₂, —NO₂, —SiR^(●) ₃, —OSiR^(●) ₃, —C(O)SR^(●), —(C₁₋₄ straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR^(●), or —SSR^(●) wherein each R^(●) is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently selected from C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of R^(∘) include ═O and ═S.

Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an “optionally substituted” group include the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNR*₂, ═NNHC(O)R*, ═NNHC(O)OR*, ═NNHS(O)₂R*, ═NR*, ═NOR*, —O(C(R*₂))₂₋₃O—, or —S(C(R*₂))₂₋₃S—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound to vicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” group include: —O(CR*₂)₂₋₃O—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen, —R^(●), -(haloR^(●)), —OH, —OR^(●), —O(haloR^(●)), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^(●), —NH₂, —NHR^(●), —NR^(●) ₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^(●) is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionally substituted” group include —R, —NR^(†) ₂, —C(O)R^(†), —C(O)OR^(†), —C(O)C(O)R^(†), —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^(†), —S(O)₂R^(†), —S(O)₂NR^(†) ₂, —C(S)NR^(†) ₂, —C(NH)NR^(†) ₂, or —N(R^(†))S(O)₂R^(†); wherein each R^(†) is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or, notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences of R^(†), taken together with their intervening atom(s) form an unsubstituted 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R^(†) are independently halogen, —R^(●), -(haloR^(●)), —OH, —OR^(●), —O(haloR^(●)), —CN, —C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^(●), —NH₂, —NHR^(●), —NR^(●) ₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^(●) is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with one or more halogens, and is independently C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge et al., describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like.

Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N⁺(C₁₋₄alkyl)₄ salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, Z and E double bond isomers, and Z and E conformational isomers. Therefore, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, all tautomeric forms of the compounds of the invention are within the scope of the invention. Additionally, unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures including the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention. Such compounds are useful, for example, as analytical tools, as probes in biological assays, or as therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention. In certain embodiments, a provided compound may be substituted with one or more deuterium atoms.

As used herein, the term “provided compound” refers to any genus, subgenus, and/or species set forth herein.

As used herein, the term “binder” or “ligand” is defined as a compound that binds to CRBN with measurable affinity. In certain embodiments, a compound has a binding constant of less than about 50 μM, less than about 1 μM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 10 nM, or less than about 1 nM.

A compound of the present invention may be tethered to a detectable moiety. It will be appreciated that such compounds are useful as imaging agents. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that a detectable moiety may be attached to a provided compound via a suitable substituent. As used herein, the term “suitable substituent” refers to a moiety that is capable of covalent attachment to a detectable moiety. Such moieties are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art and include groups containing, e.g., a carboxylate moiety, an amino moiety, a thiol moiety, or a hydroxyl moiety, to name but a few. It will be appreciated that such moieties may be directly attached to a provided compound or via a tethering group, such as a bivalent saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, such moieties may be attached via click chemistry. In some embodiments, such moieties may be attached via a 1,3-cycloaddition of an azide with an alkyne, optionally in the presence of a copper catalyst. Methods of using click chemistry are known in the art and include those described by Rostovtsev et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2596-99 and Sun et al., Bioconjugate Chem., 2006, 17, 52-57.

As used herein, the term “detectable moiety” is used interchangeably with the term “label” and relates to any moiety capable of being detected, e.g., primary labels and secondary labels. Primary labels, such as radioisotopes (e.g., tritium, ³²P, ³³P, ³⁵S, or ¹⁴C), mass-tags, and fluorescent labels are signal generating reporter groups which can be detected without further modifications. Detectable moieties also include luminescent and phosphorescent groups.

The term “secondary label” as used herein refers to moieties such as biotin and various protein antigens that require the presence of a second intermediate for production of a detectable signal. For biotin, the secondary intermediate may include streptavidin-enzyme conjugates. For antigen labels, secondary intermediates may include antibody-enzyme conjugates. Some fluorescent groups act as secondary labels because they transfer energy to another group in the process of nonradiative fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), and the second group produces the detected signal.

The terms “fluorescent label”, “fluorescent dye”, and “fluorophore” as used herein refer to moieties that absorb light energy at a defined excitation wavelength and emit light energy at a different wavelength. Examples of fluorescent labels include, but are not limited to: Alexa Fluor dyes (Alexa Fluor 350, Alexa Fluor 488, Alexa Fluor 532, Alexa Fluor 546, Alexa Fluor 568, Alexa Fluor 594, Alexa Fluor 633, Alexa Fluor 660 and Alexa Fluor 680), AMCA, AMCA-S, BODIPY dyes (BODIPY FL, BODIPY R6G, BODIPY TMR, BODIPY TR, BODIPY 530/550, BODIPY 558/568, BODIPY 564/570, BODIPY 576/589, BODIPY 581/591, BODIPY 630/650, BODIPY 650/665), Carboxyrhodamine 6G, carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX), Cascade Blue, Cascade Yellow, Coumarin 343, Cyanine dyes (Cy3, Cy5, Cy3.5, Cy5.5), Dansyl, Dapoxyl, Dialkylaminocoumarin, 4′,5′-Dichloro-2′,7′-dimethoxy-fluorescein, DM-NERF, Eosin, Erythrosin, Fluorescein, FAM, Hydroxycoumarin, IRDyes (IRD40, IRD 700, IRD 800), JOE, Lissamine rhodamine B, Marina Blue, Methoxycoumarin, Naphthofluorescein, Oregon Green 488, Oregon Green 500, Oregon Green 514, Pacific Blue, PyMPO, Pyrene, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine Green, Rhodamine Red, Rhodol Green, 2′,4′,5′,7′-Tetra-bromosulfone-fluorescein, Tetramethyl-rhodamine (TMR), Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA), Texas Red, Texas Red-X.

The term “mass-tag” as used herein refers to any moiety that is capable of being uniquely detected by virtue of its mass using mass spectrometry (MS) detection techniques. Examples of mass-tags include electrophore release tags such as N-[3-[4′-[(p-Methoxytetrafluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl]-3-methylglyceronyl]isonipecotic Acid, 4′-[2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-4-(pentafluorophenoxyl)]methyl acetophenone, and their derivatives. The synthesis and utility of these mass-tags is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,650,750, 4,709,016, 5,360,8191, 5,516,931, 5,602,273, 5,604,104, 5,610,020, and 5,650,270. Other examples of mass-tags include, but are not limited to, nucleotides, dideoxynucleotides, oligonucleotides of varying length and base composition, oligopeptides, oligosaccharides, and other synthetic polymers of varying length and monomer composition. A large variety of organic molecules, both neutral and charged (biomolecules or synthetic compounds) of an appropriate mass range (100-2000 Daltons) may also be used as mass-tags.

The terms “measurable affinity” and “measurably modulate,” as used herein, means a measurable change in a CRBN activity between a sample comprising a compound of the present invention, or composition thereof, and CRBN, and an equivalent sample comprising CRBN, in the absence of said compound, or composition thereof.

3. Description of Exemplary Embodiments

As described above, in one aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I:

-   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: -   Ring A is selected from

-   each of X¹ and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —CH₂—, —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—, —C(NR¹)—,     —C(S)—, or

-   X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

-   each of X³ and X⁴ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —N(R)—; -   X⁵ is a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —CH₂—,     —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, or

-   each R is independently hydrogen or an optionally substituted group     selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or     partially unsaturated heterocyclic having 1-2 heteroatoms     independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and a 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-7 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl ring having 0-3         heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; -   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring; or     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl fused ring having 0-2         heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or         sulfur; -   each R² is independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR,     —N(R)₂, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂N(R)₂, —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂,     —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R,     —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic,     optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or     sulfur, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring     having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,     or sulfur; -   L is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene     units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—,     —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—,     —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

provided that L is other than a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)OCH₂—, —CH₂C(O)—, —C(O)CH₂—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —CH₂CH₂— when Ring A is

and X is —C(O)— or Ring A is

and X² is

-   each R³ is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ aliphatic; -   Ring B is selected from a 4 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, a 5 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, a 5-6-membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,     oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring     having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen,     or sulfur, wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted with 1-2     oxo groups; -   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and -   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which L is other than a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)OCH₂—, —CH₂C(O)—, —C(O)CH₂—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —CH₂CH₂— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or Ring A is

and X² is

and wherein the compound is other than a compound listed in Table 2.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   Ring A is selected from

-   each of X¹, X⁵, and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected     from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R¹)CF₃—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—,     —N(R¹)—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR¹)—,     —P(O)N(R¹)₂—, or

-   X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

-   each of X³ and X⁴ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R¹)F—, —CF₂—, —C(R¹)₂—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,     —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, or —N(R)—; -   each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally     substituted group selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially     unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring     having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen,     oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1         heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in         addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron,         nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; -   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂,     —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   R¹ and X¹ or X⁴ are taken together with their intervening atoms         to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated,         carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or         heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur; -   each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂,     —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂,     —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂,     —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂,     —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆     aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; -   L is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene     units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—,     —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR)—,     —P(O)(NR₂)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—,     —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

provided that L is other than a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)—, Ring A is

and X² is

Ring A is

and X² is

Ring A is

Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—, or Ring A is

and X² is

-   each R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or optionally     substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic; -   Ring B is selected from a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted     with 1-2 oxo groups; -   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and -   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I′, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which L is other than a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)—, Ring A is

and X² is

Ring A is

and X² is

Ring A is

Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—, or Ring A is

and X² is

and wherein the compound is other than a compound listed in Table 2.

As defined generally above, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is other than

In some embodiments, Ring A is other than

In some embodiments, the compound is other than

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each of X¹ and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —CH₂—, —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)CF₃—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, —N(R¹)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(OR¹)—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)N(R¹)₂—, or

In some embodiments, X¹ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, X¹ is —O—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —S—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —CH₂—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —C(R¹)H—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —C(R¹)CF₃—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —C(O)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —C(NR¹)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —C(S)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —N(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —Si(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X¹ is —P(O)N(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X¹ is

In some embodiments, X⁶ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —O—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —S—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —CH₂—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —C(R¹)H—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —C(R¹)CF₃—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —C(O)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —C(NR¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —C(S)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —N(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —Si(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —P(O)(R)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —P(O)(R)—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is —P(O)N(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁶ is

In some embodiments, X¹ and X⁶ are each independently selected from —O—, —C(O)—, —C(S)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, or

In some embodiments, X¹ and X⁶ are each independently selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is

In some embodiments, X² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each of X³ and X⁴ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —C(R)₂—, —CF₂—, —CHF—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, or —N(R)—.

In some embodiments, X³ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, X³ is —O—. In some embodiments, X³ is —C(R)₂—. In some embodiments, X³ is —CF₂—. In some embodiments, X³ is —CHF—. In some embodiments, X³ is —S—. In some embodiments, X³ is —S(O)—. In some embodiments, X³ is —S(O)₂—. In some embodiments, X³ is —Si(R)₂—. In some embodiments, X³ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X³ is —N(R)—.

In some embodiments, X³ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

In some embodiments, X⁴ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —O—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —C(R)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —CF₂—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —CHF—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —S—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —S(O)—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —S(O)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —Si(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁴ is —N(R)—.

In some embodiments, X⁴ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, X⁵ is a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —CH₂—, —C(R¹)H—, —C(R¹)CF₃—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—, —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, —N(R¹)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(OR)—, —P(O)(R)—, —P(O)N(R¹)₂—, or

In some embodiments, X⁵ is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —O—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —S—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —CH₂—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —C(R¹)H—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —C(R¹)CF₃—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —C(O)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —C(NR¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —C(S)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —N(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —Si(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —P(O)(R¹)—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is —P(O)N(R¹)₂—. In some embodiments, X⁵ is

In some embodiments, X⁵ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally substituted group selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1 heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R is deuterium. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R is an optionally substituted 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 4-8 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1 heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form an optionally substituted 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR, —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic, or R¹ and X¹ or X⁴ are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R¹ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R¹ is deuterium. In some embodiments, R¹ is halogen. In some embodiments, R¹ is —CN. In some embodiments, R¹ is —OR. In some embodiments, R¹ is —SR. In some embodiments, R¹ is —S(O)R. In some embodiments, R¹ is —S(O)₂R. In some embodiments, R¹ is —N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —Si(R)₃. In some embodiments, R¹ is —P(O)(R)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —P(O)(OR)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —P(O)(NR₂)OR. In some embodiments, R¹ is —P(O)(NR₂)₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —Si(OH)R₂. In some embodiments, R¹ is —Si(OH)₂R. In some embodiments, R¹ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic. In some embodiments, R¹ and X¹ or X⁴ are taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 5-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OR, —N(R)₂, or C₁₋₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, or C₁₋₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is fluoro. In some embodiments, two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3- or 4-membered spiro fused ring.

In some embodiments, R¹ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂, —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂, —P(O)(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R² is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R² is deuterium. In some embodiments, R² is halogen. In some embodiments, R² is —CN. In some embodiments, R² is —NO₂. In some embodiments, R² is —OR. In some embodiments, R² is —SR. In some embodiments, R² is —N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R² is —Si(OH)₂R. In some embodiments, R² is —Si(OH)(R)₂. In some embodiments, R² is —S(O)₂R. In some embodiments, R² is —S(O)₂N(R)₂. In some embodiments, R² is —S(O)R. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)R. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)NR₂. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)N(R)OR. In some embodiments, R² is —OC(O)R. In some embodiments, R² is —OC(O)NR₂. In some embodiments, R² is —N(R)C(O)OR. In some embodiments, R² is —N(R)C(O)R. In some embodiments, R² is —N(R)C(O)NR₂. In some embodiments, R² is —N(R)S(O)₂R. In some embodiments, R² is —Si(R)₃. In some embodiments, R² is —P(O)(R)₂. —P(O)(OR)₂. In some embodiments, R² is —P(O)(NR₂)OR. In some embodiments, R² is —P(O)(NR₂)₂. In some embodiments, R² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic. In some embodiments, R² is an optionally substituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R² is an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R² is an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R² is an optionally substituted 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, R² is an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.

In some embodiments, R² is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; wherein R is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 deuterium or halogen atoms, or phenyl.

In some embodiments, R² is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OR, —N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, C₁₋₆ aliphatic optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 deuterium or halogen atoms, phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR, —N(R)₂, or —CN groups, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with a carbonyl or C₁₋₄ alkyl group and having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 halogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR, —N(R)₂, or —CN groups and having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur; wherein R is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, or 3 deuterium or halogen atoms, or phenyl.

In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₄ aliphatic optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 deuterium or halogen atoms.

In some embodiments, R² is methyl. In some embodiments, R² is phenyl. In some embodiments, R² is C₁₋₄ aliphatic optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 deuterium or halogen atoms. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)Et. In some embodiments, R² is —C(O)t-Bu.

In some embodiments, R² is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, L is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR)—, —P(O)(NR₂)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

provided that L is other than a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)OCH₂—, —CH₂C(O)—, —C(O)CH₂—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —CH₂CH₂— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L is a covalent bond. In some embodiments, L is a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, L is a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR)—, —P(O)(NR₂)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—, —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—, R³,

In some embodiments, L is other than a covalent bond, —CH₂—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)OCH₂—, —CH₂C(O)—, —C(O)CH₂—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —CH₂CH₂— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,

In some embodiments, L is a bivalent, saturated, straight C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, L is a bivalent, saturated, straight C₁₋₃ hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, L is a bivalent, saturated, straight C₂₋₃ hydrocarbon chain. In some embodiments, L is —CH₂—, —O—, —S—, —N(R)—, —OCH₂—, —SCH₂—, —CH₂O—, —CH₂O—, —OCH₂O—, —SCH₂O—, —OCH₂S—, —SCH₂S—, —SCH₂OC(O)—, —N(R)CH₂O—, —OCH₂N(R)—, —OCH₂CH₂O—, —SCH₂CH₂O—, —OCH₂CH₂S—, or —SCH₂CH₂S—.

In some embodiments, L is —CH₂—. In some embodiments, L is —N(CH₃)C(O)— or —(O)CN(CH₃)—.

In some embodiments, L is other than a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)—, Ring A is

and X² is

Ring A is

and X² is

Ring A is

Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—, or Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)—. In some embodiments, L is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

In some embodiments, L is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—. In some embodiments, L is other than a covalent bond when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O-when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)—. In some embodiments, L is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

In some embodiments, L is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X¹ is —C(O)— or —CH₂—. In some embodiments, L is other than a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —N(R)C(O)—, —C(O)N(R)—, or —NR³C(O)O— when Ring A is

and X² is

In some embodiments, L is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, each R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic.

In some embodiments, R³ is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R³ is deuterium. In some embodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic.

In some embodiments, R³ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R³ is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, Ring B is a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted with 1-2 oxo groups.

In some embodiments, Ring B is a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring. In some embodiments, Ring B is phenyl. In some embodiments, Ring B is an 8-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring B is optionally further substituted with 1-2 oxo groups.

In some embodiments, Ring B is selected from

phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl,

triazolyl,

In some embodiments,

is selected from

In some embodiments,

is selected from

In some embodiments, Ring Bis selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

In some embodiments, m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, m is 3. In some embodiments, m is 4.

In some embodiments, m is 1-3, 1-2, or 0-1.

In some embodiments, m is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

As defined generally above, n is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.

In some embodiments, n is 0. In some embodiments, n is 1. In some embodiments, n is 2. In some embodiments, n is 3. In some embodiments, n is 4.

In some embodiments, n is 0-3, 0-2, 0-1, 1-3, or 1-2.

In some embodiments, n is selected from those depicted in Table 1, below.

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

and L is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,

In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from

and L is a bivalent, saturated, straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene units of L are independently replaced by —O—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—,

In some embodiments, X² is a trivalent moiety selected from

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I-a or I-b:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂,     —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or         heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur; -   each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally     substituted group selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially     unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring     having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen,     oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1         heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in         addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron,         nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; -   each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂,     —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂,     —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂,     —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂,     —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆     aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; -   Ring B is selected from a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted     with 1-2 oxo groups; -   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and -   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I-b wherein said compound is other than

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I-b′ or I-b″:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R¹, R², Ring B, m, and n is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I-c, I-d, I-e, or I-f:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of R¹, R², Ring B, m, and n is as defined above and described in embodiments herein, both singly and in combination.

In some embodiments, Ring B is selected from phenyl, an 8-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring, a 5-6-membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. In some embodiments, Ring B is selected from

triazolyl,

In some embodiments, n is 1, 2, or 3.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I-g, I-h, I-i, I-j, I-k, I-l, or I-m:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂,     —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or         heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur; -   each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally     substituted group selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially     unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring     having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen,     oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1         heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in         addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron,         nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; -   each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂,     —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂,     —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂,     —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂,     —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆     aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; -   Ring B is selected from a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted     with 1-2 oxo groups; -   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and -   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I-g′, I-j′, I-k′, or I-l′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

-   each of X⁵ and X⁶ is independently a bivalent moiety selected from a     covalent bond, —O—, —S—, —C(R¹)CF₃—, —C(R¹)₂—, —C(O)—, —N(R¹)—,     —C(NR¹)—, —C(S)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR¹)—, —P(O)N(R¹)₂—,     or

-   X³ is a bivalent moiety selected from a covalent bond, —O—, —S—,     —C(R¹)F—, —CF₂—, —C(R¹)₂—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—,     or —N(R)—; -   each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally     substituted group selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially     unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring     having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen,     oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or     -   two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated,         partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1         heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in         addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron,         nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; -   each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR,     —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂,     —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄     aliphatic; or     -   two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together         with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused         ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur;     -   two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken         together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered         saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or         heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected         from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13         membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic         ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,         independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or         sulfur; -   each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂,     —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂,     —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂,     —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂,     —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆     aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7     membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having     1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl     ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron,     nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; -   L is a covalent bond or a bivalent, saturated or unsaturated,     straight or branched C₁₋₆ hydrocarbon chain, wherein 1-2 methylene     units of L are independently and optionally replaced by —O—, —NR³—,     —S—, —OC(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)—, —Si(R¹)₂—, —P(O)(R¹)—, —P(O)(OR)—,     —P(O)(NR₂)—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —NR³S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR³—, —NR³C(O)—,     —C(O)NR³—, —OC(O)NR³—, —NR³C(O)O—,

-   each R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or optionally     substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic; -   Ring B is selected from a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially     unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic     carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially     unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6     membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently     selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 7-13     membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic     ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms,     independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or     sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4     heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen,     silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted     with 1-2 oxo groups; -   m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and -   n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I-k or I-k′ wherein said compound is other than

In some embodiments, a provided compound of the invention is selected from one of those in Table 1, below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Compounds Compound Number Structure I-1

I-2

I-3

I-4

I-5

I-6

I-7

I-8

I-9

I-10

I-11

I-12

I-13

I-14

I-15

I-16

I-17

I-18

I-19

I-20

I-21

I-22

I-23

I-24

I-25

I-26

I-27

I-28

I-29

I-30

I-31

I-32

I-33

I-34

I-35

I-36

I-37

I-38

I-39

I-40

I-41

I-42

I-43

I-44

I-45

I-46

I-47

I-48

I-49

I-50

I-51

I-52

I-53

I-54

I-55

I-56

I-57

I-58

I-59

I-60

I-61

I-62

I-63

I-64

I-65

I-66

I-67

I-68

I-69

I-70

I-71

I-72

I-73

I-74

I-75

I-76

I-77

I-78

I-79

I-80

I-81

I-82

I-83

I-84

I-85

I-86

I-87

I-88

I-89

I-90

I-91

I-92

I-93

I-94

I-95

I-96

I-97

I-98

I-99

I-100

I-101

I-102

I-103

I-104

I-105

I-106

I-107

I-108

I-109

I-110

I-111

I-112

I-113

I-114

I-115

I-116

I-117

I-118

I-119

I-120

I-121

I-122

I-123

I-124

I-125

I-126

I-127

I-128

I-129

I-130

I-131

I-132

I-133

I-134

I-135

I-136

I-137

I-138

I-139

I-140

I-141

I-142

I-143

I-144

I-145

I-146

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound selected from any of those depicted in Table 1, above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, a disclosed method employs a compound set forth in Table 1, above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of formula I is other than those in Table 2, below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

TABLE 2 Exemplary Excluded Compounds

4. Uses, Formulation and Administration

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions

According to another embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising a compound of this invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle. The amount of compound in compositions of this invention is such that is effective to measurably bind CRBN, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, the amount of compound in compositions of this invention is such that is effective to measurably bind CRBN, or a mutant thereof, in a biological sample or in a patient. In certain embodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated for administration to a patient in need of such composition. In some embodiments, a composition of this invention is formulated for oral administration to a patient.

The term “patient,” as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle” refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound with which it is formulated. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” means any non-toxic salt, ester, salt of an ester or other derivative of a compound of this invention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention or an active metabolite or residue thereof.

As used herein, the term “active metabolite or residue thereof” means that a metabolite or residue thereof is also a binder of CRBN, or a mutant thereof.

Compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.

For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents that are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

Alternatively, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.

Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.

For topical applications, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

For ophthalmic use, provided pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

Most preferably, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are formulated for oral administration. Such formulations may be administered with or without food. In some embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are administered without food. In other embodiments, pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention are administered with food.

The amount of compounds of the present invention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, provided compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg/kg body weight/day of the compound can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.

It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of a compound of the present invention in the composition will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.

Uses of Compounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions

Compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for the modulation of CRBN. In some embodiments the protein complex bound by the compounds and methods of the invention comprises CRBN.

Cereblon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRBN gene. CRBN orthologs are highly conserved from plants to humans, which underscores its physiological importance. Cereblon forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1), Cullin-4A (CUL4A), and regulator of cullins 1 (ROC1). This complex ubiquitinates a number of other proteins. Through a mechanism which has not been completely elucidated, cereblon ubquitination of target proteins results in increased levels of fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) and fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10). FGF8 in turn regulates a number of developmental processes, such as limb and auditory vesicle formation. The net result is that this ubiquitin ligase complex is important for limb outgrowth in embryos. In the absence of cereblon, DDB1 forms a complex with DDB2 that functions as a DNA damage-binding protein.

Accordingly, compounds that bind CRBN are beneficial, especially those with selectivity over other E3 ligases. Such compounds should deliver a pharmacological response that favorably treats one or more of the conditions described herein without the side-effects associated with the binding of other E3 ligases.

Even though CRBN ligands are known in the art, there is a continuing need to provide novel ligands having more effective or advantageous pharmaceutically relevant properties. For example, compounds with increased activity, selectivity over other E3 ligases, and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and/or toxicity) properties. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides binders of CRBN which show selectivity over other E3 ligases.

The activity of a compound utilized in this invention as an binder of CRBN, or a mutant thereof, may be assayed in vitro, in vivo or in a cell line. In vitro assays include assays that determine the subsequent functional consequences, or activity of activated CRBN, or a mutant thereof. Alternate in vitro assays quantitate the ability of the compound to bind to CRBN. Compound binding may be measured by radiolabeling the compound prior to binding, isolating the compound/CRBN complex and determining the amount of radiolabel bound. Alternatively, compound binding may be determined by running a competition experiment where new compounds are incubated with CRBN bound to known radioligands. Representative in vitro and in vivo assays useful in assaying a CRBN binder include those described and disclosed in, Boichenko et al. J. Med. Chem. (2016) 59, 770-774 and Iconomou and Saunders Biochemical Journal (2016) 473, 4083-4101, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Detailed conditions for assaying a compound utilized in this invention as a binder of CRBN, or a mutant thereof, are set forth in the Examples below.

As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after one or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms. For example, treatment may be administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent or delay their recurrence.

Provided compounds are binders of CRBN and are therefore useful for treating one or more disorders associated with activity of CRBN or mutants thereof. Thus, in certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating a CRBN-mediated disorder comprising the step of administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof.

As used herein, the term “CRBN-mediated” disorders, diseases, and/or conditions as used herein means any disease or other deleterious condition in which CRBN or a mutant thereof is known to play a role. Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention relates to treating or lessening the severity of one or more diseases in which CRBN, or a mutant thereof, is known to play a role. Such CRBN-mediated disorders include but are not limited to proliferative disorders, neurological disorders and disorders associated with transplantation.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating one or more disorders, wherein the disorders are selected from proliferative disorders, neurological disorders and disorders associated with transplantation, said method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the disorder is a proliferative disorder. In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a hematological cancer. In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a leukemia. In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a leukemia selected from the group consisting of anemia, acute leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), adult acute basophilic leukemia, adult acute eosinophilic leukemia, adult acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, adult acute minimally differentiated myeloid leukemia, adult acute monoblastic leukemia, adult acute monocytic leukemia, adult acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation, adult acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation, adult acute myeloid leukemia with abnormalities, adult acute myelomonocytic leukemia, adult erythroleukemia, adult pure erythroid leukemia, secondary acute myeloid leukemia, untreated adult acute myeloid leukemia, adult acute myeloid leukemia in remission, adult acute promyelocytic leukemia with PML-RARA, alkylating agent-related acute myeloid leukemia, prolymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia.

In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a lymphoma. In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a lymphoma selected from the group consisting of adult grade III lymphomatoid granulomatosis, adult nasal type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, cutaneous B-Cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, intraocular lymphoma, lymphomatous involvement of non-cutaneous extranodal site, mature T-cell and NK-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, nodal marginal zone lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, recurrent adult Burkitt lymphoma, recurrent adult diffuse large cell lymphoma, recurrent adult diffuse mixed cell lymphoma, recurrent adult diffuse small cleaved cell lymphoma, recurrent adult grade III lymphomatoid granulomatosis, recurrent adult immunoblastic lymphoma, recurrent adult lymphoblastic lymphoma, recurrent adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, recurrent cutaneous T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, recurrent grade 1 follicular lymphoma, recurrent grade 2 follicular lymphoma, recurrent grade 3 follicular lymphoma, recurrent mantle cell lymphoma, recurrent marginal zone lymphoma, recurrent mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome, recurrent small lymphocytic lymphoma, refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia, refractory hairy cell leukemia, Richter syndrome, small intestinal lymphoma, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia, testicular lymphoma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, MALT lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, central nervous system lymphoma, refractory primary-cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma (Leg-type), relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia, refractory anemia, refractory anemia with excess blasts, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia, and secondary myelodysplastic syndromes.

In some embodiments, the disorder is a neurological disorder. In some embodiments, the neurological disorder is Alzheimer's disease.

In some embodiments, the disorder is associated with transplantation. In some embodiments the disorder associated with transplantation is transplant rejection, or graft versus host disease.

In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a cancer or tumor. In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a cancer or tumor selected from the group consisting of head and neck cancer, liver cancer, hormone-refractory prostate cancer, kidney cancer, small intestine cancer, glioblastoma, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, brain and central nervous system tumors, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, islet cell tumor, and childhood solid tumor.

In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a myeloma. In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a multiple myeloma.

In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a myeloma selected from the group consisting of refractory multiple myeloma, stage I multiple myeloma, stage II multiple myeloma, stage III multiple myeloma, smoldering plasma cell myeloma, and plasma cell myeloma.

In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is selected from the group consisting of hepatocellular carcinoma, melanoma, malignant melanoma, thyroid neoplasms, urinary bladder neoplasms, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sickle cell anemia, ankylosing spondylitis, arachnoiditis, arterivenous malformation, and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.

In some embodiments, the disorder is selected from the group consisting of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, amyloidosis, hematochezia, melena, autism, burning mouth syndrome associated with HIV infection, hepatocellular carcinoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, central nervous system neoplasms, medulloblastoma, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, secondary myelofibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, chronic prostatitis, complex regional pain syndrome (RSD), Type 1 complex regional pain syndrome, Crohn's disease, cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), discoid lupus erythematosus, endometriosis, neoplastic syndrome, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, gastrointestinal vascular malformation, hepatitis C, high grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (HSIL), HIV wasting syndrome, HIV-associated mycobacterium infections, HIV-associated tuberculosis, HIV-associated aphthous stomatitis, HIV-associated avium-intracellulare infection, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease, histiocytic light chain deposition disease, myelofibrosis, myeloproliferative neoplasms, neurofibromatosis type 1, recurrent central nervous system neoplasm, recurrent childhood brain stem glioma, recurrent childhood visual pathway glioma, refractory central nervous system neoplasm, nonmalignant monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), primary amyloidosis, primary myelofibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, plaque-type psoriasis, pulmonary fibrosis, radiation injuries, radiculopathy, recurrent uterine corpus sarcoma, uterine carcinosarcoma, refractory epilepsy, sarcoidosis, systemic scleroderma, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's Syndrome, xerostomia, soft tissue sarcoma, thalassemia, and uveitis.

In some embodiments, compounds of the present invention bind to CRBN, altering the specificity of the complex to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3), transcription factors essential for multiple myeloma growth.

In some embodiments, compounds of the present invention bind to CRBN, altering the specificity of the complex to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of a complex-associated protein selected from the group consisting of A1BG, A1CF, A2M, A2ML1, A3GALT2, A4GALT, A4GNT, AAAS, AACS, AADAC, AADACL2, AADACL3, AADACL4, AADAT, AAED1, AAGAB, AAK1, AAMDC, AAMP, AANAT, AAR2, AARD, AARS, AARS2, AARSD1, AASDH, AASDHPPT, AASS, AATF, AATK, AATK-AS1, ABAT, ABCA1, ABCA10, ABCA12, ABCA13, ABCA2, ABCA3, ABCA4, ABCA5, ABCA6, ABCA7, ABCA8, ABCA9, ABCB1, ABCB10, ABCB11, ABCB4, ABCB5, ABCB6, ABCB7, ABCB8, ABCB9, ABCC1, ABCC10, ABCC11, ABCC12, ABCC2, ABCC3, ABCC4, ABCC5, ABCC6, ABCC8, ABCC9, ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCD3, ABCD4, ABCE1, ABCF1, ABCF2, ABCF3, ABCG1, ABCG2, ABCG4, ABCG5, ABCG8, ABHD1, ABHD10, ABHD11, ABHD12, ABHD12B, ABHD13, ABHD14A, ABHD14A-ACY1, ABHD14B, ABHD15, ABHD16A, ABHD16B, ABHD17A, ABHD17B, ABHD17C, ABHD18, ABHD2, ABHD3, ABHD4, ABHD5, ABHD6, ABHD8, ABI1, ABI2, ABI3, ABI3BP, ABL1, ABL2, ABLIM1, ABLIM2, ABLIM3, ABO, ABR, ABRA, ABRACL, ABRAXAS1, ABRAXAS2, ABT1, ABTB1, ABTB2, AC001226.2, AC002094.3, AC002115.2, AC002310.4, AC002310.5, AC002429.2, AC002985.1, AC002996.1, AC003002.1, AC003002.2, AC003002.3, AC003002.4, AC003005.1, AC003006.1, AC003688.1, AC004076.1, AC004080.3, AC004223.3, AC004233.2, AC004556.1, AC004691.2, AC004706.4, AC004754.1, AC004805.1, AC004832.3, AC004922.1, AC004997.1, AC005020.2, AC005041.1, AC005154.6, AC005258.1, AC005324.3, AC005324.4, AC005520.1, AC005551.1, AC005670.2, AC005697.1, AC005702.2, AC005726.2, AC005779.2, AC005832.4, AC005833.1, AC005833.3, AC005837.2, AC005841.2, AC005885.1, AC005943.1, AC006030.1, AC006254.1, AC006269.1, AC006449.4, AC006486.1, AC006538.2, AC006978.2, AC007040.2, AC007192.1, AC007240.1, AC007325.1, AC007325.2, AC007325.4, AC007326.4, AC007375.2, AC007383.6, AC007537.5, AC007731.5, AC007906.2, AC007998.2, AC008073.3, AC008162.2, AC008393.2, AC008403.1, AC008481.3, AC008537.1, AC008560.1, AC008575.1, AC008575.2, AC008687.1, AC008687.4, AC008687.8, AC008695.1, AC008735.6, AC008750.8, AC008758.1, AC008758.4, AC008758.5, AC008758.6, AC008763.2, AC008763.3, AC008764.1, AC008764.4, AC008770.2, AC008770.3, AC008878.1, AC008878.2, AC008878.3, AC008982.1, AC008982.3, AC009014.1, AC009086.2, AC009119.2, AC009122.1, AC009133.6, AC009163.2, AC009163.4, AC009286.3, AC009336.2, AC009477.2, AC009690.1, AC009690.3, AC009779.3, AC010132.3, AC010255.3, AC010319.2, AC010323.1, AC010325.1, AC010326.2, AC010327.1, AC010422.3, AC010422.5, AC010422.6, AC010463.1, AC010487.3, AC010522.1, AC010531.1, AC010542.3, AC010547.4, AC010547.5, AC010615.4, AC010616.1, AC010619.1, AC010646.1, AC010724.2, AC011005.1, AC011043.1, AC011043.2, AC011195.2, AC011295.1, AC011346.1, AC011448.1, AC011452.1, AC011455.3, AC011455.4, AC011462.1, AC011473.4, AC011479.1, AC011498.4, AC011499.1, AC011511.1, AC011511.4, AC011530.1, AC011604.2, AC011841.1, AC012184.2, AC012254.2, AC012309.1, AC012314.1, AC012314.10, AC012314.11, AC012314.12, AC012314.4, AC012314.5, AC012314.6, AC012314.8, AC012531.3, AC012651.1, AC013269.1, AC013271.1, AC013394.1, AC013470.2, AC015688.5, AC015802.6, AC015813.2, AC017081.3, AC017081.4, AC017081.5, AC017083.4, AC018512.1, AC018523.2, AC018554.3, AC018630.6, AC018709.1, AC018755.2, AC018793.1, AC018793.2, AC018793.3, AC018793.4, AC018793.5, AC019117.3, AC020636.2, AC020909.1, AC020914.1, AC020915.1, AC020915.2, AC020915.6, AC020922.1, AC020934.3, AC021072.1, AC022016.2, AC022167.5, AC022335.1, AC022384.1, AC022400.6, AC022826.2, AC023055.1, AC023491.2, AC023509.3, AC024592.3, AC024940.1, AC024940.6, AC025165.3, AC025263.2, AC025283.2, AC025287.4, AC025594.2, AC026369.8, AC026398.1, AC026461.4, AC026464.1, AC026464.3, AC026464.4, AC026786.1, AC026954.2, AC027796.3, AC034102.2, AC036214.3, AC037459.1, AC037482.2, AC037482.3, AC040162.1, AC040162.4, AC044810.8, AC046185.1, AC048338.1, AC051649.2, AC053481.5, AC055811.2, AC058822.1, AC064853.2, AC064853.3, AC064853.4, AC064853.5, AC064853.6, AC067968.1, AC068234.1, AC068533.4, AC068547.1, AC068580.4, AC068631.2, AC068775.1, AC068775.2, AC068790.8, AC068896.1, AC068946.1, AC068987.5, AC069257.3, AC069368.1, AC069503.2, AC069544.2, AC072022.1, AC073082.1, AC073111.3, AC073111.5, AC073264.3, AC073508.2, AC073610.2, AC073610.3, AC073612.1, AC073896.1, AC074143.1, AC078927.1, AC079325.2, AC079447.1, AC079594.2, AC083800.1, AC083902.2, AC084337.2, AC087289.3, AC087498.1, AC087632.1, AC090004.1, AC090227.1, AC090360.1, AC090527.2, AC090958.3, AC091167.3, AC091167.7, AC091167.8, AC091304.7, AC091491.1, AC091551.1, AC091959.3, AC091980.2, AC092017.3, AC092042.3, AC092073.1, AC092111.3, AC092143.1, AC092329.3, AC092442.1, AC092587.1, AC092647.5, AC092718.3, AC092718.8, AC092821.1, AC092824.3, AC092835.1, AC093155.3, AC093227.3, AC093423.3, AC093525.1, AC093525.2, AC093668.1, AC093762.1, AC093762.2, AC093762.3, AC093899.2, AC096582.3, AC096887.1, AC097372.1, AC097495.1, AC097637.1, AC097662.2, AC098484.3, AC098650.1, AC098850.4, AC099329.3, AC099489.1, AC099518.3, AC099811.2, AC099850.2, AC100868.1, AC104109.3, AC104151.1, AC104304.1, AC104452.1, AC104532.1, AC104534.3, AC104581.1, AC104581.3, AC104662.2, AC104836.1, AC105001.2, AC105052.1, AC106774.10, AC106774.5, AC106774.6, AC106774.7, AC106774.8, AC106774.9, AC106782.1, AC106886.5, AC107871.1, AC108488.2, AC108750.1, AC108941.2, AC109583.3, AC110275.1, AC112229.3, AC112484.1, AC113189.6, AC113189.9, AC113331.2, AC113554.2, AC114296.1, AC114490.2, AC115220.1, AC116366.3, AC116565.1, AC117457.1, AC118470.1, AC118553.2, AC119396.1, AC119674.2, AC120057.3, AC120114.5, AC124312.1, AC126755.2, AC127537.5, AC127537.6, AC127537.8, AC129492.3, AC131097.2, AC131160.1, AC133551.1, AC133555.3, AC134669.2, AC134772.2, AC135050.2, AC135068.1, AC135068.2, AC135068.3, AC135068.8, AC135178.2, AC135586.2, AC136352.3, AC136352.4, AC136428.1, AC136612.1, AC136616.1, AC136616.2, AC136616.3, AC137834.1, AC138517.2, AC138647.1, AC138696.1, AC138811.2, AC138894.1, AC138969.1, AC139530.2, AC139677.1, AC139677.2, AC140504.1, AC141272.1, AC142391.1, AC142525.4, AC145029.2, AC145212.1, AC145212.2, AC171558.1, AC171558.3, AC171558.5, AC171558.6, AC187653.1, AC207056.1, AC209232.1, AC209539.2, AC210544.1, AC213203.1, AC229888.1, AC229888.10, AC229888.2, AC229888.3, AC229888.4, AC229888.5, AC229888.6, AC229888.7, AC229888.8, AC229888.9, AC233282.1, AC233282.2, AC233723.1, AC233724.12, AC233724.16, AC233724.17, AC233724.18, AC233724.19, AC233724.20, AC233724.21, AC233724.6, AC233755.1, AC233755.2, AC233992.2, AC234301.1, AC234301.3, AC234635.1, AC234635.3, AC234635.4, AC234635.5, AC236040.1, AC239612.1, AC239618.1, AC239618.2, AC239618.3, AC239618.4, AC239618.5, AC239618.6, AC239618.7, AC239618.9, AC239799.1, AC240274.1, AC241401.1, AC241409.2, AC241410.1, AC241556.3, AC241556.4, AC241640.1, AC241640.2, AC241640.4, AC242528.1, AC242528.2, AC243547.3, AC243733.1, AC243734.1, AC243756.1, AC243790.1, AC243967.1, AC244196.1, AC244196.2, AC244196.3, AC244196.4, AC244196.5, AC244197.3, AC244216.4, AC244216.5, AC244226.1, AC244226.2, AC244472.1, AC244472.2, AC244472.3, AC244472.4, AC244472.5, AC244489.1, AC244489.2, AC244517.10, AC244517.6, AC245033.1, AC245034.2, AC245078.1, AC245088.2, AC245088.3, AC245369.1, AC245369.2, AC245369.3, AC245369.4, AC245369.6, AC245427.1, AC245427.3, AC245427.4, AC245427.5, AC245427.6, AC245427.7, AC245427.8, AC245427.9, AC245748.1, AC247036.3, AC247036.4, AC247036.5, AC247036.6, AC254560.1, AC254788.1, AC254788.2, AC254952.1, AC255093.3, AC255093.5, AC256236.1, AC256236.2, AC256236.3, AC256300.2, AC256309.2, AC270107.1, AC270107.10, AC270107.12, AC270107.2, AC270107.3, AC270107.4, AC270107.5, AC270107.7, AC270107.8, AC270107.9, AC270227.1, AC270306.4, AC275455.2, ACAA1, ACAA2, ACACA, ACACB, ACAD10, ACAD11, ACAD8, ACAD9, ACADL, ACADM, ACADS, ACADSB, ACADVL, ACAN, ACAP1, ACAP2, ACAP3, ACAT1, ACAT2, ACBD3, ACBD4, ACBD5, ACBD6, ACBD7, ACCS, ACCSL, ACD, ACE, ACE2, ACER1, ACER2, ACER3, ACHE, ACIN1, ACKR1, ACKR2, ACKR3, ACKR4, ACLY, ACMSD, ACO1, ACO2, ACOD1, ACOT1, ACOT11, ACOT12, ACOT13, ACOT2, ACOT4, ACOT6, ACOT7, ACOT8, ACOT9, ACOX1, ACOX2, ACOX3, ACOXL, ACP1, ACP2, ACP4, ACP5, ACP6, ACP7, ACPP, ACR, ACRBP, ACRV1, ACSBG1, ACSBG2, ACSF2, ACSF3, ACSL1, ACSL3, ACSL4, ACSL5, ACSL6, ACSM1, ACSM2A, ACSM2B, ACSM3, ACSM4, ACSM5, ACSM6, ACSS1, ACSS2, ACSS3, ACTA1, ACTA2, ACTB, ACTBL2, ACTC1, ACTG1, ACTG2, ACTL10, ACTL6A, ACTL6B, ACTL7A, ACTL7B, ACTL8, ACTL9, ACTN1, ACTN2, ACTN3, ACTN4, ACTR10, ACTR1A, ACTR1B, ACTR2, ACTR3, ACTR3B, ACTR3C, ACTR5, ACTR6, ACTR8, ACTRT1, ACTRT2, ACTRT3, ACVR1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C, ACVR2A, ACVR2B, ACVRL1, ACY1, ACY3, ACYP1, ACYP2, AD000671.1, AD000671.2, ADA, ADA2, ADAD1, ADAD2, ADAL, ADAM10, ADAM11, ADAM12, ADAM15, ADAM17, ADAM18, ADAM19, ADAM2, ADAM20, ADAM21, ADAM22, ADAM23, ADAM28, ADAM29, ADAM30, ADAM32, ADAM33, ADAM7, ADAM8, ADAM9, ADAMDEC1, ADAMTS1, ADAMTS10, ADAMTS12, ADAMTS13, ADAMTS14, ADAMTS15, ADAMTS16, ADAMTS17, ADAMTS18, ADAMTS19, ADAMTS2, ADAMTS20, ADAMTS3, ADAMTS4, ADAMTS5, ADAMTS6, ADAMTS7, ADAMTS8, ADAMTS9, ADAMTSL1, ADAMTSL2, ADAMTSL3, ADAMTSL4, ADAMTSL5, ADAP1, ADAP2, ADAR, ADARB1, ADARB2, ADAT1, ADAT2, ADAT3, ADCK1, ADCK2, ADCK5, ADCY1, ADCY10, ADCY2, ADCY3, ADCY4, ADCY5, ADCY6, ADCY7, ADCY8, ADCY9, ADCYAP1, ADCYAP1R1, ADD1, ADD2, ADD3, ADGB, ADGRA1, ADGRA2, ADGRA3, ADGRB1, ADGRB2, ADGRB3, ADGRD1, ADGRD2, ADGRE1, ADGRE2, ADGRE3, ADGRE5, ADGRF1, ADGRF2, ADGRF3, ADGRF4, ADGRF5, ADGRG1, ADGRG2, ADGRG3, ADGRG4, ADGRG5, ADGRG6, ADGRG7, ADGRL1, ADGRL2, ADGRL3, ADGRL4, ADGRV1, ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C, ADH4, ADH5, ADH6, ADH7, ADHFE1, ADI1, ADIG, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2, ADIRF, ADK, ADM, ADM2, ADM5, ADNP, ADNP2, ADO, ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B, ADORA3, ADPGK, ADPRH, ADPRHL1, ADPRHL2, ADPRM, ADRA1A, ADRA1B, ADRA1D, ADRA2A, ADRA2B, ADRA2C, ADRB1, ADRB2, ADRB3, ADRM1, ADSL, ADSS, ADSSL1, ADTRP, AEBP1, AEBP2, AEN, AES, AF130351.1, AF241726.2, AFAP1, AFAP1L1, AFAP1L2, AFDN, AFF1, AFF2, AFF3, AFF4, AFG1L, AFG3L2, AFM, AFMID, AFP, AFTPH, AGA, AGAP1, AGAP2, AGAP3, AGAP4, AGAP5, AGAP6, AGAP9, AGBL1, AGBL2, AGBL3, AGBL4, AGBL5, AGER, AGFG1, AGFG2, AGGF1, AGK, AGL, AGMAT, AGMO, AGO1, AGO2, AGO3, AGO4, AGPAT1, AGPAT2, AGPAT3, AGPAT4, AGPAT5, AGPS, AGR2, AGR3, AGRN, AGRP, AGT, AGTPBP1, AGTR1, AGTR2, AGTRAP, AGXT, AGXT2, AHCTF1, AHCY, AHCYL1, AHCYL2, AHDC1, AHI1, AHNAK, AHNAK2, AHR, AHRR, AHSA1, AHSA2, AHSG, AHSP, AICDA, AIDA, AIF1, AIF1L, AIFM1, AIFM2, AIFM3, AIG1, AIM2, AIMP1, AIMP2, AIP, AIPL1, AIRE, AJAP1, AJUBA, AK1, AK2, AK3, AK4, AK5, AK6, AK7, AK8, AK9, AKAIN1, AKAP1, AKAP10, AKAP11, AKAP12, AKAP13, AKAP14, AKAP17A, AKAP2, AKAP3, AKAP4, AKAP5, AKAP6, AKAP7, AKAP8, AKAP8L, AKAP9, AKIP1, AKIRIN1, AKIRIN2, AKNA, AKNAD1, AKR1A1, AKR1B1, AKR1B10, AKR1B15, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, AKR1C4, AKR1D1, AKR1E2, AKR7A2, AKR7A3, AKR7L, AKT1, AKT1S1, AKT2, AKT3, AKTIP, AL020996.2, AL021154.3, AL021546.1, AL021997.3, AL022238.4, AL022318.4, AL024498.2, AL031708.1, AL032819.3, AL033529.1, AL035425.2, AL035460.1, AL049634.2, AL049650.1, AL049697.1, AL049779.1, AL049839.2, AL049844.1, AL049844.3, AL080251.1, AL096814.1, AL096870.1, AL109810.2, AL109811.4, AL109827.1, AL109936.3, AL109936.4, AL110118.2, AL110118.4, AL117258.1, AL117339.5, AL117348.2, AL121581.1, AL121594.3, AL121722.1, AL121753.1, AL121758.1, AL121845.2, AL121845.3, AL132671.2, AL132780.3, AL133352.1, AL133414.1, AL133414.2, AL136295.1, AL136295.3, AL136295.4, AL136295.5, AL136373.1, AL136531.2, AL138694.1, AL138752.2, AL138826.1, AL139011.2, AL139260.3, AL139300.1, AL139353.1, AL157392.5, AL159163.1, AL160275.1, AL160276.1, AL160396.2, AL161669.4, AL161911.1, AL162231.1, AL162231.3, AL163195.3, AL163636.2, AL353572.3, AL353588.1, AL354761.2, AL354822.1, AL355102.2, AL355315.1, AL355860.1, AL355916.3, AL355987.1, AL355987.3, AL356585.9, AL357673.1, AL358075.4, AL359736.1, AL359736.3, AL359922.1, AL360181.3, AL360181.5, AL365205.1, AL365214.3, AL365232.1, AL365273.2, AL391650.1, AL449266.1, AL451007.3, AL512428.1, AL512506.3, AL512785.2, AL513165.2, AL513523.10, AL513523.9, AL583836.1, AL589666.1, AL590132.1, AL590560.1, AL591806.3, AL592183.1, AL592490.1, AL593848.2, AL603832.3, AL645922.1, AL645941.2, AL662828.1, AL662852.6, AL662899.1, AL662899.2, AL662899.3, AL669918.1, AL672043.1, AL672142.1, AL691442.1, AL713999.1, AL772284.2, AL807752.6, AL807752.7, AL844853.2, AL845331.2, AL845464.1, AL928654.4, AL929554.1, AL929561.7, ALAD, ALAS1, ALAS2, ALB, ALCAM, ALDH16A1, ALDH18A1, ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, ALDH1A3, ALDH1B1, ALDH1L1, ALDH1L2, ALDH2, ALDH3A1, ALDH3A2, ALDH3B1, ALDH3B2, ALDH4A1, ALDH5A1, ALDH6A1, ALDH7A1, ALDH8A1, ALDH9A1, ALDOA, ALDOB, ALDOC, ALG1, ALG10, ALG10B, ALG11, ALG12, ALG13, ALG14, ALG1L, ALG1L2, ALG2, ALG3, ALG5, ALG6, ALG8, ALG9, ALK, ALKAL1, ALKAL2, ALKBH1, ALKBH2, ALKBH3, ALKBH4, ALKBH5, ALKBH6, ALKBH7, ALKBH8, ALLC, ALMS1, ALOX12, ALOX12B, ALOX15, ALOX15B, ALOX5, ALOX5AP, ALOXE3, ALPI, ALPK1, ALPK2, ALPK3, ALPL, ALPP, ALPPL2, ALS2, ALS2CL, ALS2CR12, ALX1, ALX3, ALX4, ALYREF, AMACR, AMBN, AMBP, AMBRA1, AMD1, AMDHD1, AMDHD2, AMELX, AMELY, AMER1, AMER2, AMER3, AMFR, AMH, AMHR2, AMIGO1, AMIGO2, AMIGO3, AMMECR1, AMMECR1L, AMN, AMN1, AMOT, AMOTL1, AMOTL2, AMPD1, AMPD2, AMPD3, AMPH, AMT, AMTN, AMY1A, AMY1B, AMY1C, AMY2A, AMY2B, AMZ1, AMZ2, ANAPC1, ANAPC10, ANAPC11, ANAPC13, ANAPC15, ANAPC16, ANAPC2, ANAPC4, ANAPC5, ANAPC7, ANG, ANGEL1, ANGEL2, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, ANGPT4, ANGPTL1, ANGPTL2, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, ANGPTL5, ANGPTL6, ANGPTL7, ANGPTL8, ANHX, ANK1, ANK2, ANK3, ANKAR, ANKDD1A, ANKDD1B, ANKEF1, ANKFN1, ANKFY1, ANKH, ANKHD1, ANKHD1-EIF4EBP3, ANKIB1, ANKK1, ANKLE1, ANKLE2, ANKMY1, ANKMY2, ANKRA2, ANKRD1, ANKRD10, ANKRD11, ANKRD12, ANKRD13A, ANKRD13B, ANKRD13C, ANKRD13D, ANKRD16, ANKRD17, ANKRD18A, ANKRD18B, ANKRD2, ANKRD20A1, ANKRD20A2, ANKRD20A3, ANKRD20A4, ANKRD20A8P, ANKRD22, ANKRD23, ANKRD24, ANKRD26, ANKRD27, ANKRD28, ANKRD29, ANKRD30A, ANKRD30B, ANKRD30BL, ANKRD31, ANKRD33, ANKRD33B, ANKRD34A, ANKRD34B, ANKRD34C, ANKRD35, ANKRD36, ANKRD36B, ANKRD36C, ANKRD37, ANKRD39, ANKRD40, ANKRD42, ANKRD44, ANKRD45, ANKRD46, ANKRD49, ANKRD50, ANKRD52, ANKRD53, ANKRD54, ANKRD55, ANKRD6, ANKRD60, ANKRD61, ANKRD62, ANKRD63, ANKRD65, ANKRD66, ANKRD7, ANKRD9, ANKS1A, ANKS1B, ANKS3, ANKS4B, ANKS6, ANKUB1, ANKZF1, ANLN, ANO1, ANO10, ANO2, ANO3, ANO4, ANO5, ANO6, ANO7, ANO8, ANO9, ANOS1, ANP32A, ANP32B, ANP32D, ANP32E, ANPEP, ANTXR1, ANTXR2, ANTXRL, ANXA1, ANXA10, ANXA11, ANXA13, ANXA2, ANXA2R, ANXA3, ANXA4, ANXA5, ANXA6, ANXA7, ANXA8, ANXA8L1, ANXA9, AOAH, AOC1, AOC2, AOC3, AOX1, AP000275.2, AP000295.1, AP000311.1, AP000322.1, AP000349.1, AP000350.12, AP000350.4, AP000351.3, AP000351.7, AP000721.1, AP000781.2, AP001160.5, AP001273.2, AP001458.2, AP001781.3, AP001931.1, AP002360.1, AP002373.1, AP002495.1, AP002512.3, AP002512.4, AP002748.4, AP002990.1, AP003071.5, AP003108.2, AP003419.2, AP004243.1, AP006285.3, AP1AR, AP1B1, AP1G1, AP1G2, AP1M1, AP1M2, AP1S1, AP1S2, AP1S3, AP2A1, AP2A2, AP2B1, AP2M1, AP2S1, AP3B1, AP3B2, AP3D1, AP3M1, AP3M2, AP3S1, AP3S2, AP4B1, AP4E1, AP4M1, AP4S1, AP5B1, AP5M1, AP5S1, AP5Z1, APAF1, APBA1, APBA2, APBA3, APBB1, APBB1P, APBB2, APBB3, APC, APC2, APCDD1, APCDD1L, APCS, APEH, APELA, APEX1, APEX2, APH1A, APH1B, API5, APIP, APLF, APLN, APLNR, APLP1, APLP2, APMAP, APOA1, APOA2, APOA4, APOA5, APOB, APOBEC1, APOBEC2, APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G, APOBEC3H, APOBEC4, APOBR, APOC1, APOC2, APOC3, APOC4, APOC4-APOC2, APOD, APOE, APOF, APOH, APOL1, APOL2, APOL3, APOL4, APOL5, APOL6, APOLD1, APOM, APOO, APOOL, APOPT1, APP, APPBP2, APPL1, APPL2, APRT, APTX, AQP1, AQP10, AQP11, AQP12A, AQP12B, AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, AQP7, AQP8, AQP9, AQR, AR, ARAF, ARAP1, ARAP2, ARAP3, ARC, ARCN1, AREG, AREL1, ARF1, ARF3, ARF4, ARF5, ARF6, ARFGAP1, ARFGAP2, ARFGAP3, ARFGEF1, ARFGEF2, ARFGEF3, ARFIP1, ARFIP2, ARFRP1, ARG1, ARG2, ARGFX, ARGLU1, ARHGAP1, ARHGAP10, ARHGAP11A, ARHGAP11B, ARHGAP12, ARHGAP15, ARHGAP17, ARHGAP18, ARHGAP19, ARHGAP19-SLIT1, ARHGAP20, ARHGAP21, ARHGAP22, ARHGAP23, ARHGAP24, ARHGAP25, ARHGAP26, ARHGAP27, ARHGAP28, ARHGAP29, ARHGAP30, ARHGAP31, ARHGAP32, ARHGAP33, ARHGAP35, ARHGAP36, ARHGAP39, ARHGAP4, ARHGAP40, ARHGAP42, ARHGAP44, ARHGAP45, ARHGAP5, ARHGAP6, ARHGAP8, ARHGAP9, ARHGDIA, ARHGDIB, ARHGDIG, ARHGEF1, ARHGEF10, ARHGEF10L, ARHGEF11, ARHGEF12, ARHGEF15, ARHGEF16, ARHGEF17, ARHGEF18, ARHGEF19, ARHGEF2, ARHGEF25, ARHGEF26, ARHGEF28, ARHGEF3, ARHGEF33, ARHGEF35, ARHGEF37, ARHGEF38, ARHGEF39, ARHGEF4, ARHGEF40, ARHGEF5, ARHGEF6, ARHGEF7, ARHGEF9, ARID1A, ARID1B, ARID2, ARID3A, ARID3B, ARID3C, ARID4A, ARID4B, ARID5A, ARID5B, ARIH1, ARIH2, ARIH2OS, ARL1, ARL10, ARL11, ARL13A, ARL13B, ARL14, ARL14EP, ARL14EPL, ARL15, ARL16, ARL17A, ARL17B, ARL2, ARL2BP, ARL2-SNX15, ARL3, ARL4A, ARL4C, ARL4D, ARL5A, ARL5B, ARL5C, ARL6, ARL6IP1, ARL6IP4, ARL6IP5, ARL6IP6, ARL8A, ARL8B, ARL9, ARMC1, ARMC10, ARMC12, ARMC2, ARMC3, ARMC4, ARMC5, ARMC6, ARMC7, ARMC8, ARMC9, ARMCX1, ARMCX2, ARMCX3, ARMCX4, ARMCX5, ARMCX6, ARMS2, ARMT1, ARNT, ARNT2, ARNTL, ARNTL2, ARPC1A, ARPC1B, ARPC2, ARPC3, ARPC4, ARPC4-TTLL3, ARPC5, ARPC5L, ARPIN, ARPP19, ARPP21, ARR3, ARRB1, ARRB2, ARRDC1, ARRDC2, ARRDC3, ARRDC4, ARRDC5, ARSA, ARSB, ARSD, ARSE, ARSF, ARSG, ARSH, ARSI, ARSJ, ARSK, ART1, ART3, ART4, ART5, ARTN, ARV1, ARVCF, ARX, AS3MT, ASAH1, ASAH2, ASAH2B, ASAP1, ASAP2, ASAP3, ASB1, ASB10, ASB11, ASB12, ASB13, ASB14, ASB15, ASB16, ASB17, ASB18, ASB2, ASB3, ASB4, ASB5, ASB6, ASB7, ASB8, ASB9, ASCC1, ASCC2, ASCC3, ASCL1, ASCL2, ASCL3, ASCL4, ASCL5, ASF1A, ASF1B, ASGR1, ASGR2, ASH1L, ASH2L, ASIC1, ASIC2, ASIC3, ASIC4, ASIC5, ASIP, ASL, ASMT, ASMTL, ASNA1, ASNS, ASNSD1, ASPA, ASPDH, ASPG, ASPH, ASPHD1, ASPHD2, ASPM, ASPN, ASPRV1, ASPSCR1, ASRGL1, ASS1, ASTE1, ASTL, ASTN1, ASTN2, ASXL1, ASXL2, ASXL3, ASZ1, ATAD1, ATAD2, ATAD2B, ATAD3A, ATAD3B, ATAD3C, ATAD5, ATAT1, ATCAY, ATE1, ATF1, ATF2, ATF3, ATF4, ATF5, ATF6, ATF6B, ATF7, ATF7IP, ATF7IP2, ATG10, ATG101, ATG12, ATG13, ATG14, ATG16L1, ATG16L2, ATG2A, ATG2B, ATG3, ATG4A, ATG4B, ATG4C, ATG4D, ATG5, ATG7, ATG9A, ATG9B, ATIC, ATL1, ATL2, ATL3, ATM, ATMIN, ATN1, ATOH1, ATOH7, ATOH8, ATOX1, ATP10A, ATP10B, ATP10D, ATP11A, ATP11B, ATP11C, ATP12A, ATP13A1, ATP13A2, ATP13A3, ATP13A4, ATP13A5, ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, ATP1A4, ATP1B1, ATP1B2, ATP1B3, ATP1B4, ATP23, ATP2A1, ATP2A2, ATP2A3, ATP2B1, ATP2B2, ATP2B3, ATP2B4, ATP2C1, ATP2C2, ATP4A, ATP4B, ATP5A1, ATP5B, ATP5C1, ATP5D, ATP5E, ATP5EP2, ATP5F1, ATP5G1, ATP5G2, ATP5G3, ATP5H, ATP5I, ATP5J, ATP5J2, ATP5J2-PTCD1, ATP5L, ATP5L2, ATP50, ATP5S, ATP6AP1, ATP6AP1L, ATP6AP2, ATP6V0A1, ATP6V0A2, ATP6V0A4, ATP6V0B, ATP6V0C, ATP6V0D1, ATP6V0D2, ATP6V0E1, ATP6V0E2, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1B1, ATP6V1B2, ATP6V1C1, ATP6V1C2, ATP6V1D, ATP6V1E1, ATP6V1E2, ATP6V1F, ATP6V1G1, ATP6V1G2, ATP6V1G2-DDX39B, ATP6V1G3, ATP6V1H, ATP7A, ATP7B, ATP8A1, ATP8A2, ATP8B1, ATP8B2, ATP8B3, ATP8B4, ATP9A, ATP9B, ATPAF1, ATPAF2, ATPIF1, ATR, ATRAID, ATRIP, ATRN, ATRNL1, ATRX, ATXN1, ATXN10, ATXN1L, ATXN2, ATXN2L, ATXN3, ATXN3L, ATXN7, ATXN7L1, ATXN7L2, ATXN7L3, ATXN7L3B, AUH, AUNIP, AUP1, AURKA, AURKAIP1, AURKB, AURKC, AUTS2, AVEN, AVIL, AVL9, AVP, AVPI1, AVPR1A, AVPR1B, AVPR2, AWAT1, AWAT2, AXDND1, AXIN1, AXIN2, AXL, AZGP1, AZI2, AZIN1, AZIN2, AZU1, B2M, B3GALNT1, B3GALNT2, B3GALT1, B3GALT2, B3GALT4, B3GALT5, B3GALT6, B3GAT1, B3GAT2, B3GAT3, B3GLCT, B3GNT2, B3GNT3, B3GNT4, B3GNT5, B3GNT6, B3GNT7, B3GNT8, B3GNT9, B3GNTL1, B4GALNT1, B4GALNT2, B4GALNT3, B4GALNT4, B4GALT1, B4GALT2, B4GALT3, B4GALT4, B4GALT5, B4GALT6, B4GALT7, B4GAT1, B9D1, B9D2, BAALC, BAAT, BABAM1, BABAM2, BACE1, BACE2, BACH1, BACH2, BAD, BAG1, BAG2, BAG3, BAG4, BAG5, BAG6, BAGE3, BAHCC1, BAHD1, BAIAP2, BAIAP2L1, BAIAP2L2, BAIAP3, BAK1, BAMBI, BANF1, BANF2, BANK1, BANP, BAP1, BARD1, BARHL1, BARHL2, BARX1, BARX2, BASP1, BATF, BATF2, BATF3, BAX, BAZ1A, BAZ1B, BAZ2A, BAZ2B, BBC3, BBIP1, BBOF1, BBOX1, BBS1, BBS10, BBS12, BBS2, BBS4, BBS5, BBS7, BBS9, BBX, BCAM, BCAN, BCAP29, BCAP31, BCAR1, BCAR3, BCAS1, BCAS2, BCAS3, BCAS4, BCAT1, BCAT2, BCCIP, BCDIN3D, BCHE, BCKDHA, BCKDHB, BCKDK, BCL10, BCL11A, BCL11B, BCL2, BCL2A1, BCL2L1, BCL2L10, BCL2L11, BCL2L12, BCL2L13, BCL2L14, BCL2L15, BCL2L2, BCL2L2-PABPN1, BCL3, BCL6, BCL6B, BCL7A, BCL7B, BCL7C, BCL9, BCL9L, BCLAF1, BCLAF3, BCO1, BCO2, BCOR, BCORL1, BCR, BCS1L, BDH1, BDH2, BDKRB1, BDKRB2, BDNF, BDP1, BEAN1, BECN1, BECN2, BEGAIN, BEND2, BEND3, BEND4, BEND5, BEND6, BEND7, BEST1, BEST2, BEST3, BEST4, BET1, BET1L, BEX1, BEX2, BEX3, BEX4, BEX5, BFAR, BFSP1, BFSP2, BGLAP, BGN, BHLHA15, BHLHA9, BHLHB9, BHLHE22, BHLHE23, BHLHE40, BHLHE41, BHMG1, BHMT, BHMT2, BICC1, BICD1, BICD2, BICDL1, BICDL2, BICRA, BICRAL, BID, BIK, BIN1, BIN2, BIN3, BIRC2, BIRC3, BIRC5, BIRC6, BIRC7, BIRC8, BIVM, BIVM-ERCC5, BLACE, BLCAP, BLID, BLK, BLM, BLMH, BLNK, BLOC1S1, BLOC1S2, BLOC1S3, BLOC1S4, BLOC1S5, BLOC1S5-TXNDC5, BLOC1S6, BLVRA, BLVRB, BLZF1, BMF, BM1, BMP1, BMP10, BMP15, BMP2, BMP2K, BMP3, BMP4, BMP5, BMP6, BMP7, BMP8A, BMP8B, BMPER, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, BMS1, BMT2, BMX, BNC1, BNC2, BNIP1, BNIP2, BNIP3, BNIP3L, BNIPL, BOC, BOD1, BOD1L1, BOD1L2, BOK, BOLA1, BOLA2, BOLA2B, BOLA2-SMG1P6, BOLA3, BOLL, BOP1, BORA, BORCS5, BORCS6, BORCS7, BORCS7-ASMT, BORCS8, BORCS8-MEF2B, BPGM, BPHL, BPI, BPIFA1, BPIFA2, BPIFA3, BPIFB1, BPIFB2, BPIFB3, BPIFB4, BPIFB6, BPIFC, BPNT1, BPTF, BPY2, BPY2B, BPY2C, BRAF, BRAP, BRAT1, BRCA1, BRCA2, BRCC3, BRD1, BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, BRD7, BRD8, BRD9, BRDT, BRF1, BRF2, BRI3, BRI3BP, BRICD5, BRINPI, BRINP2, BRINP3, BRIP1, BRIX, BRK1, BRMS1, BRMS1L, BROX, BRPF1, BRPF3, BRS3, BRSK1, BRSK2, BRWD1, BRWD3, BSCL2, BSDC1, BSG, BSN, BSND, BSPH1, BSPRY, BST1, BST2, BSX, BTAF1, BTBD1, BTBD10, BTBD11, BTBD16, BTBD17, BTBD18, BTBD19, BTBD2, BTBD3, BTBD6, BTBD7, BTBD8, BTBD9, BTC, BTD, BTF3, BTF3L4, BTG1, BTG2, BTG3, BTG4, BTK, BTLA, BTN1A1, BTN2A1, BTN2A2, BTN3A1, BTN3A2, BTN3A3, BTNL2, BTNL3, BTNL8, BTNL9, BTRC, BUB1, BUB1B, BUB1B-PAK6, BUB3, BUD13, BUD23, BUD31, BVES, BX004987.1, BX072566.1, BX088645.1, BX248244.1, BX248413.4, BX248415.1, BX248516.1, BX276092.9, BYSL, BZW1, BZW2, C10orf10, C10orf105, C10orf107, C10orf113, C10orf120, C10orf126, C10orf128, C10orf142, C10orf35, C10orf53, C10orf55, C10orf62, C10orf67, C10orf71, C10orf76, C10orf82, C10orf88, C10orf90, C10orf95, C10orf99, C11orf1, C11orf16, C11orf21, C11orf24, C11orf40, C11orf42, C11orf45, C11orf49, C11orf52, C11orf53, C11orf54, C11orf57, C11orf58, C11orf63, C11orf65, C11orf68, C11orf70, C11orf71, C11orf74, C11orf80, C11orf84, C11orf86, C11orf87, C11orf88, C11orf91, C11orf94, C11orf95, C11orf96, C11orf97, C11orf98, C12orf10, C12orf29, C12orf4, C12orf40, C12orf42, C12orf43, C12orf45, C12orf49, C12orf50, C12orf54, C12orf56, C12orf57, C12orf60, C12orf65, C12orf66, C12orf71, C12orf73, C12orf74, C12orf75, C12orf76, C13orf42, C14orf105, C14orf119, C14orf132, C14orf159, C14orf166, C14orf177, C14orf178, C14orf180, C14orf2, C14orf28, C14orf37, C14orf39, C14orf79, C14orf80, C14orf93, C15orf38-AP3S2, C15orf39, C15orf40, C15orf41, C15orf48, C15orf52, C15orf53, C15orf59, C15orf61, C15orf62, C15orf65, C16orf45, C16orf46, C16orf52, C16orf54, C16orf58, C16orf59, C16orf62, C16orf70, C16orf71, C16orf72, C16orf74, C16orf78, C16orf82, C16orf86, C16orf87, C16orf89, C16orf90, C16orf91, C16orf92, C16orf95, C16orf96, C17orf100, C17orf105, C17orf107, C17orf113, C17orf47, C17orf49, C17orf50, C17orf51, C17orf53, C17orf58, C17orf62, C17orf64, C17orf67, C17orf74, C17orf75, C17orf78, C17orf80, C17orf97, C17orf98, C17orf99, C18orf21, C18orf25, C18orf32, C18orf54, C18orf63, C18orf8, C19orf12, C19orf18, C19orf24, C19orf25, C19orf33, C19orf35, C19orf38, C19orf44, C19orf47, C19orf48, C19orf53, C19orf54, C19orf57, C19orf60, C19orf66, C19orf67, C19orf68, C19orf70, C19orf71, C19orf73, C19orf81, C19orf84, C1D, C1GALT1, C1GALT1C1, C1GALT1C1L, C1orf100, C1orf105, C1orf109, C1orf112, C1orf115, C1orf116, C1orf122, C1orf123, C1orf127, C1orf131, C1orf141, C1orf146, C1orf158, C1orf159, C1orf162, C1orf167, C1orf174, C1orf185, C1orf186, C1orf189, C1orf194, C1orf198, C1orf21, C1orf210, C1orf216, C1orf226, C1orf228, C1orf232, C1orf27, C1orf35, C1orf43, C1orf50, C1orf52, C1orf53, C1orf54, C1orf56, C1orf61, C1orf64, C1orf68, C1orf74, C1orf87, C1orf94, C1QA, C1QB, C1QBP, C1QC, C1QL1, C1QL2, C1QL3, C1QL4, C1QTNF1, C1QTNF12, C1QTNF2, C1QTNF3, C1QTNF3-AMACR, C1QTNF4, C1QTNF5, C1QTNF6, C1QTNF7, C1QTNF8, C1QTNF9, C1QTNF9B, C1R, C1RL, C1S, C2, C20orf141, C20orf144, C20orf173, C20orf194, C20orf96, C20orf202, C20orf204, C20orf24, C20orf27, C20orf85, C20orf96, C21orf140, C21orf2, C21orf33, C21orf58, C21orf59, C21orf62, C21orf91, C22orf15, C22orf23, C22orf31, C22orf39, C22orf42, C22orf46, C2CD2, C2CD2L, C2CD3, C2CD4A, C2CD4B, C2CD4C, C2CD4D, C2CD5, C2CD6, C2orf15, C2orf16, C2orf40, C2orf42, C2orf49, C2orf50, C2orf54, C2orf66, C2orf68, C2orf69, C2orf70, C2orf71, C2orf72, C2orf73, C2orf74, C2orf76, C2orf78, C2orf80, C2orf81, C2orf82, C2orf83, C2orf88, C2orf91, C3, C3AR1, C3orf14, C3orf18, C3orf20, C3orf22, C3orf30, C3orf33, C3orf35, C3orf36, C3orf38, C3orf49, C3orf52, C3orf56, C3orf58, C3orf62, C3orf67, C3orf70, C3orf80, C3orf84, C3orf85, C4A, C4B, C4B_2, C4BPA, C4BPB, C4orf17, C4orf19, C4orf22, C4orf26, C4orf3, C4orf32, C4orf33, C4orf36, C4orf45, C4orf46, C4orf47, C4orf48, C4orf50, C4orf51, C5, C5AR1, C5AR2, C5orf15, C5orf22, C5orf24, C5orf30, C5orf34, C5orf38, C5orf42, C5orf46, C5orf47, C5orf49, C5orf51, C5orf52, C5orf56, C5orf58, C5orf60, C5orf63, C5orf67, C6, C6orf10, C6orf106, C6orf118, C6orf120, C6orf132, C6orf136, C6orf141, C6orf15, C6orf163, C6orf201, C6orf203, C6orf222, C6orf223, C6orf226, C6orf229, C6orf47, C6orf48, C6orf52, C6orf58, C6orf62, C6orf89, C7, C7orf25, C7orf26, C7orf31, C7orf33, C7orf34, C7orf43, C7orf49, C7orf50, C7orf55-LUC7L2, C7orf57, C7orf61, C7orf72, C7orf73, C7orf77, C8A, C8B, C8G, C8orf22, C8orf33, C8orf34, C8orf37, C8orf4, C8orf44, C8orf44-SGK3, C8orf46, C8orf48, C8orf58, C8orf59, C8orf74, C8orf76, C8orf82, C8orf86, C8orf88, C8orf89, C9, C9orf116, C9orf129, C9orf131, C9orf135, C9orf152, C9orf153, C9orf16, C9orf172, C9orf24, C9orf3, C9orf40, C9orf43, C9orf47, C9orf50, C9orf57, C9orf64, C9orf66, C9orf72, C9orf78, C9orf84, C9orf85, C9orf92, CA1, CA10, CA11, CA12, CA13, CA14, CA2, CA3, CA4, CA5A, CA5B, CA6, CA7, CA8, CA9, CAAP1, CAB39, CAB39L, CABIN1, CABLES1, CABLES2, CABP1, CABP2, CABP4, CABP5, CABP7, CABS1, CABYR, CACFD1, CACHD1, CACNA1A, CACNA1B, CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1E, CACNA1F, CACNA1G, CACNA1H, CACNA1I, CACNA1S, CACNA2D1, CACNA2D2, CACNA2D3, CACNA2D4, CACNB1, CACNB2, CACNB3, CACNB4, CACNG1, CACNG2, CACNG3, CACNG4, CACNG5, CACNG6, CACNG7, CACNG8, CACTIN, CACUL1, CACYBP, CAD, CADM1, CADM2, CADM3, CADM4, CADPS, CADPS2, CAGE1, CALB1, CALB2, CALCA, CALCB, CALCOCO1, CALCOCO2, CALCR, CALCRL, CALD1, CALHM1, CALHM2, CALHM3, CALM1, CALM2, CALM3, CALML3, CALML4, CALML5, CALML6, CALN, CALR, CALR3, CALU, CALY, CAMK1, CAMK1D, CAMK1G, CAMK2A, CAMK2B, CAMK2D, CAMK2G, CAMK2N1, CAMK2N2, CAMK4, CAMKK1, CAMKK2, CAMKMT, CAMKV, CAMLG, CAMP, CAMSAP1, CAMSAP2, CAMSAP3, CAMTA1, CAMTA2, CAND1, CAND2, CANT1, CANX, CAP1, CAP2, CAPG, CAPN1, CAPN10, CAPN11, CAPN12, CAPN13, CAPN14, CAPN15, CAPN2, CAPN3, CAPN5, CAPN6, CAPN7, CAPN8, CAPN9, CAPNS1, CAPNS2, CAPRIN1, CAPRIN2, CAPS, CAPS2, CAPSL, CAPZA1, CAPZA2, CAPZA3, CAPZB, CARD10, CARD11, CARD14, CARD16, CARD17, CARD18, CARD19, CARD6, CARD8, CARD9, CARF, CARHSP1, CARM1, CARMIL1, CARMIL2, CARMIL3, CARNMT1, CARNS1, CARS, CARS2, CARTPT, CASC1, CASC10, CASC3, CASC4, CASD1, CASK, CASKINI, CASKIN2, CASP1, CASP10, CASP12, CASP14, CASP2, CASP3, CASP4, CASP5, CASP6, CASP7, CASP8, CASP8AP2, CASP9, CASQ1, CASQ2, CASR, CASS4, CAST, CASTORI, CASTOR2, CASZ1, CAT, CATIP, CATSPER1, CATSPER2, CATSPER3, CATSPER4, CATSPERB, CATSPERD, CATSPERE, CATSPERG, CATSPERZ, CAV1, CAV2, CAV3, CAVIN1, CAVIN2, CAVIN3, CAVIN4, CBARP, CBFA2T2, CBFA2T3, CBFB, CBL, CBLB, CBLC, CBLL1, CBLN1, CBLN2, CBLN3, CBLN4, CBR1, CBR3, CBR4, CBS, CBSL, CBWD1, CBWD2, CBWD3, CBWD5, CBWD6, CBX1, CBX2, CBX3, CBX4, CBX5, CBX6, CBX7, CBX8, CBY1, CBY3, CC2D1A, CC2D1B, CC2D2A, CC2D2B, CCAR1, CCAR2, CCBE1, CCDC102A, CCDC102B, CCDC103, CCDC105, CCDC106, CCDC107, CCDC110, CCDC112, CCDC113, CCDC114, CCDC115, CCDC116, CCDC117, CCDC12, CCDC120, CCDC121, CCDC122, CCDC124, CCDC125, CCDC126, CCDC127, CCDC129, CCDC13, CCDC130, CCDC134, CCDC136, CCDC137, CCDC138, CCDC14, CCDC140, CCDC141, CCDC142, CCDC144A, CCDC144NL, CCDC146, CCDC148, CCDC149, CCDC15, CCDC150, CCDC151, CCDC152, CCDC153, CCDC154, CCDC155, CCDC157, CCDC158, CCDC159, CCDC160, CCDC163, CCDC166, CCDC167, CCDC168, CCDC169, CCDC169-SOHLH2, CCDC17, CCDC170, CCDC171, CCDC172, CCDC173, CCDC174, CCDC175, CCDC177, CCDC178, CCDC179, CCDC18, CCDC180, CCDC181, CCDC182, CCDC183, CCDC184, CCDC185, CCDC186, CCDC187, CCDC188, CCDC189, CCDC190, CCDC191, CCDC192, CCDC194, CCDC195, CCDC196, CCDC197, CCDC22, CCDC24, CCDC25, CCDC27, CCDC28A, CCDC28B, CCDC3, CCDC30, CCDC32, CCDC33, CCDC34, CCDC36, CCDC38, CCDC39, CCDC40, CCDC42, CCDC43, CCDC47, CCDC50, CCDC51, CCDC54, CCDC57, CCDC58, CCDC59, CCDC6, CCDC60, CCDC61, CCDC62, CCDC63, CCDC65, CCDC66, CCDC68, CCDC69, CCDC7, CCDC70, CCDC71, CCDC71L, CCDC73, CCDC74A, CCDC74B, CCDC77, CCDC78, CCDC8, CCDC80, CCDC81, CCDC82, CCDC83, CCDC84, CCDC85A, CCDC85B, CCDC85C, CCDC86, CCDC87, CCDC88A, CCDC88B, CCDC88C, CCDC89, CCDC9, CCDC90B, CCDC91, CCDC92, CCDC93, CCDC94, CCDC96, CCDC97, CCER1, CCER2, CCHCR1, CCN, CCK, CCKAR, CCKBR, CCL1, CCL11, CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL15-CCL14, CCL16, CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL2, CCL20, CCL21, CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL25, CCL26, CCL27, CCL28, CCL3, CCL3L1, CCL3L3, CCL4, CCL4L2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCM2, CCM2L, CCNA1, CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNB1IP1, CCNB2, CCNB3, CCNC, CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CCNDBP1, CCNE1, CCNE2, CCNF, CCNG1, CCNG2, CCNH, CCNI, CCNI2, CCNJ, CCNJL, CCNK, CCNL1, CCNL2, CCNO, CCNT1, CCNT2, CCNY, CCNYL1, CCP110, CCPG1, CCR1, CCR10, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, CCRL2, CCS, CCSAP, CCSER1, CCSER2, CCT2, CCT3, CCT4, CCT5, CCT6A, CCT6B, CCT7, CCT8, CCT8L2, CCZ1, CCZ1B, CD101, CD109, CD14, CD151, CD160, CD163, CD163L1, CD164, CD164L2, CD177, CD180, CD19, CD1A, CD1B, CD1C, CD1D, CD1E, CD2, CD200, CD200R1, CD200R1L, CD207, CD209, CD22, CD226, CD24, CD244, CD247, CD248, CD27, CD274, CD276, CD28, CD2AP, CD2BP2, CD300A, CD300C, CD300E, CD300LB, CD300LD, CD300LF, CD300LG, CD302, CD320, CD33, CD34, CD36, CD37, CD38, CD3D, CD3E, CD3EAP, CD3G, CD4, CD40, CD40LG, CD44, CD46, CD47, CD48, CD5, CD52, CD53, CD55, CD58, CD59, CD5L, CD6, CD63, CD68, CD69, CD7, CD70, CD72, CD74, CD79A, CD79B, CD80, CD81, CD82, CD83, CD84, CD86, CD8A, CD8B, CD9, CD93, CD96, CD99, CD99L2, CDA, CDADC1, CDAN1, CDC123, CDC14A, CDC14B, CDC16, CDC20, CDC20B, CDC23, CDC25A, CDC25B, CDC25C, CDC26, CDC27, CDC34, CDC37, CDC37L1, CDC40, CDC42, CDC42BPA, CDC42BPB, CDC42BPG, CDC42EP1, CDC42EP2, CDC42EP3, CDC42EP4, CDC42EP5, CDC42SE, CDC42SE2, CDC45, CDC5L, CDC6, CDC7, CDC73, CDCA2, CDCA3, CDCA4, CDCA5, CDCA7, CDCA7L, CDCA8, CDCP1, CDCP2, CDH1, CDH10, CDH11, CDH12, CDH13, CDH15, CDH16, CDH17, CDH18, CDH19, CDH2, CDH20, CDH22, CDH23, CDH24, CDH26, CDH3, CDH4, CDH5, CDH6, CDH7, CDH8, CDH9, CDHR1, CDHR2, CDHR3, CDHR4, CDHR5, CDIP1, CDIPT, CDK1, CDK10, CDK11A, CDK11B, CDK12, CDK13, CDK14, CDK15, CDK16, CDK17, CDK18, CDK19, CDK2, CDK20, CDK2AP1, CDK2AP2, CDK3, CDK4, CDK5, CDK5R¹, CDK5R², CDK5RAP1, CDK5RAP2, CDK5RAP3, CDK6, CDK7, CDK8, CDK9, CDKAL1, CDKL1, CDKL2, CDKL3, CDKL4, CDKL5, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, CDKN1C, CDKN2A, CDKN2AIP, CDKN2AIPNL, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CDKN2D, CDKN3, CDNF, CDO1, CDON, CDPF1, CDR1, CDR2, CDR2L, CDRT1, CDRT15, CDRT15L2, CDRT4, CDS1, CDS2, CDSN, CDT1, CDV3, CDX1, CDX2, CDX4, CDY1, CDY1B, CDY2A, CDY2B, CDYL, CDYL2, CEACAM1, CEACAM16, CEACAM19, CEACAM20, CEACAM21, CEACAM3, CEACAM4, CEACAM5, CEACAM6, CEACAM7, CEACAM8, CEBPA, CEBPB, CEBPD, CEBPE, CEBPG, CEBPZ, CEBPZOS, CECR2, CEL, CELA1, CELA2A, CELA2B, CELA3A, CELA3B, CELF1, CELF2, CELF3, CELF4, CELF5, CELF6, CELSR1, CELSR2, CELSR3, CEMIP, CEMP1, CEND1, CENPA, CENPB, CENPBD1, CENPC, CENPE, CENPF, CENPH, CENPI, CENPJ, CENPK, CENPL, CENPM, CENPN, CENPO, CENPP, CENPQ, CENPS, CENPS-CORT, CENPT, CENPU, CENPV, CENPVL1, CENPVL2, CENPVL3, CENPW, CENPX, CEP104, CEP112, CEP120, CEP126, CEP128, CEP131, CEP135, CEP152, CEP162, CEP164, CEP170, CEP170B, CEP19, CEP192, CEP250, CEP290, CEP295, CEP295NL, CEP350, CEP41, CEP44, CEP55, CEP57, CEP57L1, CEP63, CEP68, CEP70, CEP72, CEP76, CEP78, CEP83, CEP85, CEP85L, CEP89, CEP95, CEP97, CEPT1, CER1, CERCAM, CERK, CERKL, CERS1, CERS2, CERS3, CERS4, CERS5, CERS6, CES1, CES2, CES3, CES4A, CES5A, CETN1, CETN2, CETN3, CETP, CFAP100, CFAP126, CFAP157, CFAP161, CFAP20, CFAP206, CFAP221, CFAP36, CFAP43, CFAP44, CFAP45, CFAP46, CFAP47, CFAP52, CFAP53, CFAP54, CFAP57, CFAP58, CFAP61, CFAP65, CFAP69, CFAP70, CFAP73, CFAP74, CFAP77, CFAP97, CFAP99, CFB, CFC1, CFC1B, CFD, CFDP1, CFH, CFHR1, CFHR2, CFHR3, CFHR4, CFHR5, CFI, CFL1, CFL2, CFLAR, CFP, CFTR, CGA, CGB1, CGB2, CGB3, CGB5, CGB7, CGB8, CGGBP1, CGN, CGNL1, CGREF1, CGRRF1, CH₂₅H, CHAC1, CHAC2, CHAD, CHADL, CHAFA, CHAFlB, CHAMP1, CHAT, CHCHD1, CHCHD10, CHCHD2, CHCHD3, CHCHD4, CHCHD5, CHCHD6, CHCHD7, CHD1, CHD1L, CHD2, CHD3, CHD4, CHD5, CHD6, CHD7, CHD8, CHD9, CHDH, CHEK1, CHEK2, CHERP, CHFR, CHGA, CHGB, CHI3L1, CHI3L2, CHIA, CHIC1, CHIC2, CHID1, CHIT1, CHKA, CHKB, CHKB-CPT1B, CHL1, CHM, CHML, CHMP1A, CHMP1B, CHMP2A, CHMP2B, CHMP3, CHMP4A, CHMP4B, CHMP4C, CHMP5, CHMP6, CHMP7, CHN1, CHN2, CHODL, CHORDC1, CHP1, CHP2, CHPF, CHPF2, CHPT1, CHRAC1, CHRD, CHRDL1, CHRDL2, CHRFAM7A, CHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4, CHRM5, CHRNA1, CHRNA10, CHRNA2, CHRNA3, CHRNA4, CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNA9, CHRNB1, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4, CHRND, CHRNE, CHRNG, CHST1, CHST10, CHST11, CHST12, CHST13, CHST14, CHST15, CHST2, CHST3, CHST4, CHST5, CHST6, CHST7, CHST8, CHST9, CHSY1, CHSY3, CHTF18, CHTF8, CHTOP, CHUK, CHURC1, CHURCl-FNTB, CIAO1, CIAPIN1, CIART, CIB1, CIB2, CIB3, CIB4, CIC, CIDEA, CIDEB, CIDEC, CIITA, CILP, CILP2, CINP, CIPC, CIR1, CIRBP, CISD1, CISD2, CISD3, CISH, CIT, CITED1, CITED2, CITED4, CIZ1, CKAP2, CKAP2L, CKAP4, CKAP5, CKB, CKLF, CKLF-CMTM1, CKM, CKMTlA, CKMTlB, CKMT2, CKS1B, CKS2, CLASP1, CLASP2, CLASRP, CLC, CLCA1, CLCA2, CLCA4, CLCC1, CLCF1, CLCN1, CLCN2, CLCN3, CLCN4, CLCN5, CLCN6, CLCN7, CLCNKA, CLCNKB, CLDN1, CLDN10, CLDN11, CLDN12, CLDN14, CLDN15, CLDN16, CLDN17, CLDN18, CLDN19, CLDN2, CLDN20, CLDN22, CLDN23, CLDN24, CLDN25, CLDN3, CLDN34, CLDN4, CLDN5, CLDN6, CLDN7, CLDN8, CLDN9, CLDND1, CLDND2, CLEC10A, CLEC11A, CLEC12A, CLEC12B, CLEC14A, CLEC16A, CLEC17A, CLEC18A, CLEC18B, CLEC18C, CLEC19A, CLEC1A, CLECIB, CLEC20A, CLEC2A, CLEC2B, CLEC2D, CLEC2L, CLEC3A, CLEC3B, CLEC4A, CLEC4C, CLEC4D, CLEC4E, CLEC4F, CLEC4G, CLEC4M, CLEC5A, CLEC6A, CLEC7A, CLEC9A, CLECL1, CLGN, CLHC1, CLIC1, CLIC2, CLIC3, CLIC4, CLIC5, CLIC6, CLINT1, CLIP1, CLIP2, CLIP3, CLIP4, CLK1, CLK2, CLK3, CLK4, CLLU1, CLLU1OS, CLMN, CLMP, CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, CLN8, CLNK, CLNS1A, CLOCK, CLP1, CLPB, CLPP, CLPS, CLPSL1, CLPSL2, CLPTM1, CLPTM1L, CLPX, CLRN1, CLRN2, CLRN3, CLSPN, CLSTN1, CLSTN2, CLSTN3, CLTA, CLTB, CLTC, CLTCL1, CLU, CLUAP1, CLUH, CLUL1, CLVS1, CLVS2, CLYBL, CMA1, CMAS, CMBL, CMC1, CMC2, CMC4, CMIP, CMKLR1, CMPK1, CMPK2, CMSS1, CMTM1, CMTM2, CMTM3, CMTM4, CMTM5, CMTM6, CMTM7, CMTM8, CMTR1, CMTR2, CMYA5, CNBD1, CNBD2, CNBP, CNDP1, CNDP2, CNEP1R1, CNFN, CNGA1, CNGA2, CNGA3, CNGA4, CNGB1, CNGB3, CNIH1, CNIH2, CNIH3, CNIH4, CNKSR1, CNKSR2, CNKSR3, CNMD, CNN1, CNN2, CNN3, CNNM1, CNNM2, CNNM3, CNNM4, CNOT1, CNOT10, CNOT11, CNOT2, CNOT3, CNOT4, CNOT6, CNOT6L, CNOT7, CNOT8, CNOT9, CNP, CNPPD1, CNPY1, CNPY2, CNPY3, CNPY4, CNR1, CNR2, CNRIP1, CNST, CNTD1, CNTD2, CNTF, CNTFR, CNTLN, CNTN1, CNTN2, CNTN3, CNTN4, CNTN5, CNTN6, CNTNAP1, CNTNAP2, CNTNAP3, CNTNAP3B, CNTNAP4, CNTNAP5, CNTRL, CNTROB, COA1, COA3, COA4, COA5, COA6, COA7, COASY, COBL, COBLL1, COCH, COG1, COG2, COG3, COG4, COG5, COG6, COG7, COG8, COIL, COL10A1, COL11A1, COL11A2, COL12A1, COL13A1, COL14A1, COL15A1, COL16A1, COL17A1, COL18A1, COL19A1, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL20A1, COL21A1, COL22A1, COL23A1, COL24A1, COL25A1, COL26A1, COL27A1, COL28A1, COL2A1, COL3A1, COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A3BP, COL4A4, COL4A5, COL4A6, COL5A1, COL5A2, COL5A3, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3, COL6A5, COL6A6, COL7A1, COL8A1, COL8A2, COL9A1, COL9A2, COL9A3, COLCA2, COLEC10, COLEC11, COLEC12, COLGALT1, COLGALT2, COLQ, COMMD1, COMMD10, COMMD2, COMMD3, COMMD3-BMI1, COMMD4, COMMD5, COMMD6, COMMD7, COMMD8, COMMD9, COMP, COMT, COMTD1, COPA, COPB1, COPB2, COPE, COPG1, COPG2, COPRS, COPS2, COPS3, COPS4, COPS5, COPS6, COPS7A, COPS7B, COPS8, COPS9, COPZ1, COPZ2, COQ10A, COQ10B, COQ2, COQ3, COQ4, COQ5, COQ6, COQ7, COQ8A, COQ8B, COQ9, CORIN, CORO1A, CORO1B, CORO1C, CORO2A, CORO2B, CORO6, CORO7, CORO7-PAM16, CORT, COTL1, COX10, COX11, COX14, COX15, COX16, COX17, COX18, COX19, COX20, COX4I1, COX4I2, COX5A, COX5B, COX6A1, COX6A2, COX6B1, COX6B2, COX6C, COX7A1, COX7A2, COX7A2L, COX7B, COX7B2, COX7C, COX8A, COX8C, CP, CPA1, CPA2, CPA3, CPA4, CPA5, CPA6, CPAMD8, CPB1, CPB2, CPD, CPE, CPEB1, CPEB2, CPEB3, CPEB4, CPED1, CPLX1, CPLX2, CPLX3, CPLX4, CPM, CPN1, CPN2, CPNE1, CPNE2, CPNE3, CPNE4, CPNE5, CPNE6, CPNE7, CPNE8, CPNE9, CPO, CPOX, CPPED1, CPQ, CPS1, CPSF1, CPSF2, CPSF3, CPSF4, CPSF4L, CPSF6, CPSF7, CPT1A, CPT1B, CPT1C, CPT2, CPTP, CPVL, CPXCR1, CPXM1, CPXM2, CPZ, CR1, CR1L, CR2, CR354443.1, CR354443.2, CR388407.3, CR547123.3, CR753842.1, CR753845.2, CR759815.2, CR788250.1, CR847794.2, CR854858.1, CR933783.3, CR936239.1, CRABP1, CRABP2, CRACR2A, CRACR2B, CRADD, CRAMP1, CRAT, CRB1, CRB2, CRB3, CRBN, CRCP, CRCT1, CREB1, CREB3, CREB3L1, CREB3L2, CREB3L3, CREB3L4, CREB5, CREBBP, CREBL2, CREBRF, CREBZF, CREG1, CREG2, CRELDI, CRELD2, CREM, CRH, CRHBP, CRHR1, CRHR2, CRIM1, CRIP1, CRIP2, CRIP3, CRIPT, CRISP1, CRISP2, CRISP3, CRISPLD1, CRISPLD2, CRK, CRKL, CRLF1, CRLF2, CRLF3, CRLS1, CRMP1, CRNKL1, CRNN, CROCC, CROCC2, CROT, CRP, CRTAC1, CRTAM, CRTAP, CRTC1, CRTC2, CRTC3, CRX, CRY1, CRY2, CRYAA, CRYAB, CRYBA1, CRYBA2, CRYBA4, CRYBB, CRYBB2, CRYBB3, CRYBG1, CRYBG2, CRYBG3, CRYGA, CRYGB, CRYGC, CRYGD, CRYGN, CRYGS, CRYL1, CRYM, CRYZ, CRYZL1, CS, CSAD, CSAG1, CSAG2, CSAG3, CSDC2, CSDE1, CSE1L, CSF1, CSF1R, CSF2, CSF2RA, CSF2RB, CSF3, CSF3R, CSGALNACT1, CSGALNACT2, CSH1, CSH2, CSHL1, CSK, CSMD1, CSMD2, CSMD3, CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN3, CSNK1A1, CSNK1A1L, CSNKlD, CSNK1E, CSNK1G1, CSNK1G2, CSNK1G3, CSNK2A1, CSNK2A2, CSNK2A3, CSNK2B, CSPG4, CSPG5, CSPP1, CSRNP1, CSRNP2, CSRNP3, CSRP1, CSRP2, CSRP3, CST1, CST11, CST2, CST3, CST4, CST5, CST6, CST7, CST8, CST9, CST9L, CSTA, CSTB, CSTF1, CSTF2, CSTF2T, CSTF3, CSTL1, CT45A1, CT45A10, CT45A2, CT45A3, CT45A5, CT45A6, CT45A7, CT45A8, CT45A9, CT476828.1, CT476828.10, CT476828.11, CT476828.12, CT476828.13, CT476828.14, CT476828.15, CT476828.16, CT476828.17, CT476828.18, CT476828.19, CT476828.2, CT476828.20, CT476828.21, CT476828.22, CT476828.3, CT476828.4, CT476828.5, CT476828.6, CT476828.7, CT476828.8, CT476828.9, CT47A1, CT47A10, CT47A11, CT47A12, CT47A2, CT47A3, CT47A4, CT47A5, CT47A6, CT47A7, CT47A8, CT47A9, CT47B1, CT55, CT62, CT83, CTAG1A, CTAG1B, CTAG2, CTAGE1, CTAGE15, CTAGE4, CTAGE5, CTAGE6, CTAGE8, CTAGE9, CTBP1, CTBP2, CTBS, CTC1, CTCF, CTCFL, CTDNEP1, CTDP1, CTDSP1, CTDSP2, CTDSPL, CTDSPL2, CTF1, CTGF, CTH, CTHRC1, CTIF, CTLA4, CTNNA1, CTNNA2, CTNNA3, CTNNAL1, CTNNB1, CTNNBIP1, CTNNBL1, CTNND1, CTNND2, CTNS, CTPS1, CTPS2, CTR9, CTRB1, CTRB2, CTRC, CTRL, CTSA, CTSB, CTSC, CTSD, CTSE, CTSF, CTSG, CTSH, CTSK, CTSL, CTSO, CTSS, CTSV, CTSW, CTSZ, CTTN, CTTNBP2, CTTNBP2NL, CTU1, CTU2, CTXN1, CTXN2, CTXN3, CTXND1, CU464060.1, CU633846.1, CU633980.1, CU633980.2, CU639417.1, CU639417.2, CUBN, CUEDC1, CUEDC2, CUL1, CUL2, CUL3, CUL4A, CUL4B, CUL5, CUL7, CUL9, CUTA, CUTC, CUX1, CUX2, CUZD1, CWC15, CWC22, CWC25, CWC27, CWF19L1, CWF19L2, CWH43, CX3CL1, CX3CR1, CXADR, CXCL1, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12, CXCL13, CXCL14, CXCL16, CXCL17, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6, CXorf21, CXorf36, CXorf38, CXorf40A, CXorf40B, CXorf49, CXorf49B, CXorf51A, CXorf51B, CXorf56, CXorf57, CXorf58, CXorf65, CXorf66, CXorf67, CXXC1, CXXC4, CXXC5, CYB561, CYB561A3, CYB561D1, CYB561D2, CYB5A, CYB5B, CYB5D1, CYB5D2, CYB5R1, CYB5R2, CYB5R3, CYB5R4, CYB5RL, CYBA, CYBB, CYBRD1, CYC1, CYCS, CYFIP1, CYFIP2, CYGB, CYHR1, CYLC1, CYLC2, CYLD, CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP20A1, CYP21A2, CYP24A1, CYP26A1, CYP26B1, CYP26C1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP27C1, CYP2A13, CYP2A6, CYP2A7, CYP2B6, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2D7, CYP2E1, CYP2F1, CYP2J2, CYP2R1, CYP2S1, CYP2U1, CYP2W1, CYP39A1, CYP3A4, CYP3A43, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP3A7-CYP3A51P, CYP46A1, CYP4A11, CYP4A22, CYP4B1, CYP4F11, CYP4F12, CYP4F2, CYP4F22, CYP4F3, CYP4F8, CYP4V2, CYP4X1, CYP4Z1, CYP51A1, CYP7A1, CYP7B1, CYP8B1, CYR61, CYS1, CYSLTR1, CYSLTR2, CYSRT1, CYSTM1, CYTH1, CYTH2, CYTH3, CYTH4, CYTIP, CYTL1, CYYR1, D2HGDH, DAAM1, DAAM2, DAB1, DAB2, DAB2IP, DACH1, DACH2, DACT1, DACT2, DACT3, DAD1, DAG1, DAGLA, DAGLB, DALRD3, DAND5, DAO, DAOA, DAP, DAP3, DAPK1, DAPK2, DAPK3, DAPL1, DAPP1, DARS, DARS2, DAW1, DAXX, DAZ1, DAZ2, DAZ3, DAZ4, DAZAP1, DAZAP2, DAZL, DBF4, DBF4B, DBH, DBI, DBN1, DBNDD1, DBNDD2, DBNL, DBP, DBR1, DBT, DBX1, DBX2, DCAF1, DCAF10, DCAF11, DCAF12, DCAF12L1, DCAF12L2, DCAF13, DCAF15, DCAF16, DCAF17, DCAF4, DCAF4L1, DCAF4L2, DCAF5, DCAF6, DCAF7, DCAF8, DCAF8L1, DCAF8L2, DCAKD, DCANP1, DCBLD1, DCBLD2, DCC, DCD, DCDC1, DCDC2, DCDC2B, DCDC2C, DCHS1, DCHS2, DCK, DCLK1, DCLK2, DCLK3, DCLRE1A, DCLRE1B, DCLRE1C, DCN, DCP1A, DCP1B, DCP2, DCPS, DCST1, DCST2, DCSTAMP, DCT, DCTD, DCTN1, DCTN2, DCTN3, DCTN4, DCTN5, DCTN6, DCTPP1, DCUN1D1, DCUN1D2, DCUN1D3, DCUN1D4, DCUN1D5, DCX, DCXR, DDA1, DDAH1, DDAH2, DDB1, DDB2, DDC, DDHD1, DDHD2, DDI1, DDI2, DDIAS, DDIT3, DDIT4, DDIT4L, DDN, DDO, DDOST, DDR1, DDR2, DDRGK1, DDT, DDTL, DDX1, DDX10, DDX11, DDX17, DDX18, DDX19A, DDX19B, DDX20, DDX21, DDX23, DDX24, DDX25, DDX27, DDX28, DDX31, DDX39A, DDX39B, DDX3X, DDX3Y, DDX4, DDX41, DDX42, DDX43, DDX46, DDX47, DDX49, DDX5, DDX50, DDX51, DDX52, DDX53, DDX54, DDX55, DDX56, DDX58, DDX59, DDX6, DDX60, DDX60L, DEAF1, DEC1, DECR1, DECR2, DEDD, DEDD2, DEF6, DEF8, DEFA1, DEFAIB, DEFA3, DEFA4, DEFA5, DEFA6, DEFB1, DEFB103A, DEFB103B, DEFB104A, DEFB104B, DEFB105A, DEFB105B, DEFB106A, DEFB106B, DEFB107A, DEFB107B, DEFB108B, DEFB110, DEFB112, DEFB113, DEFB114, DEFB115, DEFB116, DEFB118, DEFB119, DEFB121, DEFB123, DEFB124, DEFB125, DEFB126, DEFB127, DEFB128, DEFB129, DEFB130A, DEFB130B, DEFB131A, DEFB131B, DEFB132, DEFB133, DEFB134, DEFB135, DEFB136, DEFB4A, DEFB4B, DEGS1, DEGS2, DEK, DENND1A, DENND1B, DENND1C, DENND2A, DENND2C, DENND2D, DENND3, DENND4A, DENND4B, DENND4C, DENND5A, DENND5B, DENND6A, DENND6B, DENR, DEPDC1, DEPDC1B, DEPDC4, DEPDC5, DEPDC7, DEPTOR, DERA, DERL1, DERL2, DERL3, DES, DESI1, DESI2, DET1, DEUP1, DEXI, DFFA, DFFB, DFNA5, DFNB59, DGAT1, DGAT2, DGAT2L6, DGCR2, DGCR6, DGCR6L, DGCR8, DGKA, DGKB, DGKD, DGKE, DGKG, DGKH, DGKI, DGKK, DGKQ, DGKZ, DGUOK, DHCR24, DHCR7, DHDDS, DHDH, DHFR, DHFR2, DHH, DHODH, DHPS, DHRS1, DHRS11, DHRS12, DHRS13, DHRS2, DHRS3, DHRS4, DHRS4L2, DHRS7, DHRS7B, DHRS7C, DHRS9, DHRSX, DHTKD1, DHX15, DHX16, DHX29, DHX30, DHX32, DHX33, DHX34, DHX35, DHX36, DHX37, DHX38, DHX40, DHX57, DHX58, DHX8, DHX9, DIABLO, DIAPH1, DIAPH2, DIAPH3, DICER1, DIDO1, DIEXF, DIMT1, DIO1, DIO2, DIO3, DIP2A, DIP2B, DIP2C, DIRAS1, DIRAS2, DIRAS3, DIRC1, DIRC2, DIRC3, DIS3, DIS3L, DIS3L2, DISC1, DISP1, DISP2, DISP3, DIXDC1, DKC1, DKK1, DKK2, DKK3, DKK4, DKKL1, DLAT, DLC1, DLD, DLEC1, DLEU7, DLG1, DLG2, DLG3, DLG4, DLG5, DLGAP1, DLGAP2, DLGAP3, DLGAP4, DLGAP5, DLK1, DLK2, DLL1, DLL3, DLL4, DLST, DLX1, DLX2, DLX3, DLX4, DLX5, DLX6, DMAC1, DMAC2, DMAP1, DMBT1, DMBX1, DMC1, DMD, DMGDH, DMKN, DMP1, DMPK, DMRT1, DMRT2, DMRT3, DMRTA1, DMRTA2, DMRTB1, DMRTC1, DMRTC1B, DMRTC2, DMTF1, DMTN, DMWD, DMXL1, DMXL2, DNA2, DNAAF1, DNAAF2, DNAAF3, DNAAF4, DNAAF5, DNAH1, DNAH10, DNAH100S, DNAH11, DNAH12, DNAH14, DNAH17, DNAH2, DNAH3, DNAH5, DNAH6, DNAH7, DNAH8, DNAH9, DNAI1, DNAI2, DNAJA1, DNAJA2, DNAJA3, DNAJA4, DNAJB1, DNAJB11, DNAJB12, DNAJB13, DNAJB14, DNAJB2, DNAJB4, DNAJB5, DNAJB6, DNAJB7, DNAJB8, DNAJB9, DNAJC1, DNAJC10, DNAJC11, DNAJC12, DNAJC13, DNAJC14, DNAJC15, DNAJC16, DNAJC17, DNAJC18, DNAJC19, DNAJC2, DNAJC21, DNAJC22, DNAJC24, DNAJC25, DNAJC25-GNG10, DNAJC27, DNAJC28, DNAJC3, DNAJC30, DNAJC4, DNAJC5, DNAJC5B, DNAJC5G, DNAJC6, DNAJC7, DNAJC8, DNAJC9, DNAL1, DNAL4, DNALI1, DNASE1, DNASE1L1, DNASE1L2, DNASE1L3, DNASE2, DNASE2B, DND1, DNER, DNHD1, DNLZ, DNM1, DNM1L, DNM2, DNM3, DNMBP, DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, DNMT3L, DNPEP, DNPH1, DNTT, DNTTIP1, DNTTIP2, DOC2A, DOC2B, DOCK1, DOCK10, DOCK11, DOCK2, DOCK3, DOCK4, DOCK5, DOCK6, DOCK7, DOCK8, DOCK9, DOHH, DOK1, DOK2, DOK3, DOK4, DOK5, DOK6, DOK7, DOLK, DOLPP1, DONSON, DOPEY1, DOPEY2, DOT1L, DPAGT1, DPCD, DPCR1, DPEP1, DPEP2, DPEP3, DPF1, DPF2, DPF3, DPH1, DPH2, DPH3, DPH5, DPH6, DPH7, DPM1, DPM2, DPM3, DPP10, DPP3, DPP4, DPP6, DPP7, DPP8, DPP9, DPPA2, DPPA3, DPPA4, DPPA5, DPRX, DPT, DPY19L1, DPY19L2, DPY19L3, DPY19L4, DPY30, DPYD, DPYS, DPYSL2, DPYSL3, DPYSL4, DPYSL5, DQX1, DR1, DRAM1, DRAM2, DRAP1, DRAXIN, DRC1, DRC3, DRC7, DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DRD5, DRG1, DRG2, DRGX, DRICH1, DROSHA, DRP2, DSC1, DSC2, DSC3, DSCAM, DSCAML1, DSCC1, DSCR3, DSCR4, DSCR8, DSE, DSEL, DSG1, DSG2, DSG3, DSG4, DSN1, DSP, DSPP, DST, DSTN, DSTYK, DTD1, DTD2, DTHD1, DTL, DTNA, DTNB, DTNBP1, DTWD1, DTWD2, DTX1, DTX2, DTX3, DTX3L, DTX4, DTYMK, DUOX1, DUOX2, DUOXA1, DUOXA2, DUPD1, DUS1L, DUS2, DUS3L, DUS4L, DUSP1, DUSP10, DUSP11, DUSP12, DUSP13, DUSP14, DUSP15, DUSP16, DUSP18, DUSP19, DUSP2, DUSP21, DUSP22, DUSP23, DUSP26, DUSP27, DUSP28, DUSP3, DUSP4, DUSP5, DUSP6, DUSP7, DUSP8, DUSP9, DUT, DUX4, DUXA, DUXB, DVL1, DVL2, DVL3, DWORF, DXO, DYDC1, DYDC2, DYM, DYNAP, DYNCIH1, DYNCIl1, DYNC1I2, DYNCILI1, DYNC1LI2, DYNC2H1, DYNC2LI1, DYNLL1, DYNLL2, DYNLRB1, DYNLRB2, DYNLT1, DYNLT3, DYRKIA, DYRKIB, DYRK2, DYRK3, DYRK4, DYSF, DYTN, DZANK1, DZIP1, DZIP1L, DZIP3, E2F1, E2F2, E2F3, E2F4, E2F5, E2F6, E2F7, E2F8, E4F1, EAF, EAF2, EAPP, EARS2, EBAG9, EBF1, EBF2, EBF3, EBF4, EBI3, EBLN1, EBLN2, EBNA1BP2, EBP, EBPL, ECD, ECE1, ECE2, ECEL1, ECH1, ECHDC1, ECHDC2, ECHDC3, ECHS1, ECI1, ECI2, ECM1, ECM2, ECSCR, ECSIT, ECT2, ECT2L, EDA, EDA2R, EDAR, EDARADD, EDC3, EDC4, EDDM13, EDDM3A, EDDM3B, EDEM1, EDEM2, EDEM3, EDF1, EDIL3, EDN1, EDN2, EDN3, EDNRA, EDNRB, EDRF1, EEA1, EED, EEF1A1, EEF1A2, EEF1AKMT1, EEF1AKMT2, EEF1AKMT3, EEF1B2, EEF1D, EEF1E1, EEF1E1-BLOC1S5, EEF1G, EEF2, EEF2K, EEF2KMT, EEFSEC, EEPD1, EFCAB1, EFCAB10, EFCAB11, EFCAB12, EFCAB13, EFCAB14, EFCAB2, EFCAB3, EFCAB5, EFCAB6, EFCAB7, EFCAB8, EFCAB9, EFCC1, EFEMPI, EFEMP2, EFHB, EFHC1, EFHC2, EFHD1, EFHD2, EFL1, EFNA1, EFNA2, EFNA3, EFNA4, EFNA5, EFNB1, EFNB2, EFNB3, EFR3A, EFR3B, EFS, EFTUD2, EGF, EGFL6, EGFL7, EGFL8, EGFLAM, EGFR, EGLN1, EGLN2, EGLN3, EGR1, EGR2, EGR3, EGR4, EHBP1, EHBP1L1, EHD1, EHD2, EHD3, EHD4, EHF, EHHADH, EHMT1, EHMT2, E24, EID1, EID2, EID2B, EID3, EIF1, EIF1AD, EIF1AX, EIF1AY, EIF1B, EIF2A, EIF2AK1, EIF2AK2, EIF2AK3, EIF2AK4, EIF2B1, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B4, EIF2B5, EIF2D, EIF2S1, EIF2S2, EIF2S3, EIF3A, EIF3B, EIF3C, EIF3CL, EIF3D, EIF3E, EIF3F, EIF3G, EIF3H, EIF3I, EIF3J, EIF3K, EIF3L, EIF3M, EIF4A1, EIF4A2, EIF4A3, EIF4B, EIF4E, EIF4E1B, EIF4E2, EIF4E3, EIF4EBP1, EIF4EBP2, EIF4EBP3, EIF4ENIF1, EIF4G1, EIF4G2, EIF4G3, EIF4H, EIF5, EIF5A, EIF5A2, EIF5AL1, EIF5B, EIF6, EIPR1, ELAC1, ELAC2, ELANE, ELAVL1, ELAVL2, ELAVL3, ELAVL4, ELF1, ELF2, ELF3, ELF4, ELF5, ELFN1, ELFN2, ELK1, ELK3, ELK4, ELL, ELL2, ELL3, ELMO1, ELMO2, ELMO3, ELMOD, ELMOD2, ELMOD3, ELMSAN1, ELN, ELOA, ELOA2, ELOA3, ELOA3B, ELOA3C, ELOA3D, ELOB, ELOC, ELOF1, ELOVL1, ELOVL2, ELOVL3, ELOVL4, ELOVL5, ELOVL6, ELOVL7, ELP1, ELP2, ELP3, ELP4, ELP5, ELP6, ELSPBP1, EMB, EMC1, EMC10, EMC2, EMC3, EMC4, EMC6, EMC7, EMC8, EMC9, EMCN, EMD, EME1, EME2, EMG1, EMID1, EMILIN1, EMILN2, EMILIN3, EML1, EML2, EML3, EML4, EML5, EML6, EMP1, EMP2, EMP3, EMSY, EMX1, EMX2, EN1, EN2, ENAH, ENAM, ENC1, ENDOD1, ENDOG, ENDOU, ENDOV, ENG, ENGASE, ENHO, ENKD1, ENKUR, ENO1, ENO2, ENO3, ENO4, ENOPH1, ENOSF1, ENOX1, ENOX2, ENPEP, ENPP1, ENPP2, ENPP3, ENPP4, ENPP5, ENPP6, ENPP7, ENSA, ENTHDI, ENTPD1, ENTPD2, ENTPD3, ENTPD4, ENTPD5, ENTPD6, ENTPD7, ENTPD8, ENY2, EOGT, EOMES, EP300, EP400, EPAS1, EPB41, EPB41L1, EPB41L2, EPB41L3, EPB41L4A, EPB41L4B, EPB41L5, EPB42, EPC1, EPC2, EPCAM, EPDR1, EPG5, EPGN, EPHA1, EPHA10, EPHA2, EPHA3, EPHA4, EPHA5, EPHA6, EPHA7, EPHA8, EPHB1, EPHB2, EPHB3, EPHB4, EPHB6, EPHX1, EPHX2, EPHX3, EPHX4, EPM2A, EPM2AIP1, EPN1, EPN2, EPN3, EPO, EPOP, EPOR, EPPIN, EPPIN-WFDC6, EPPK1, EPRS, EPS15, EPS15L1, EPS8, EPS8L1, EPS8L2, EPS8L3, EPSTIl, EPX, EPYC, EQTN, ERAL1, ERAP1, ERAP2, ERAS, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, ERBIN, ERC1, ERC2, ERCC1, ERCC2, ERCC3, ERCC4, ERCC5, ERCC6, ERCC6L, ERCC6L2, ERCC8, EREG, ERF, ERFE, ERG, ERG28, ERGICI, ERGIC2, ERGIC3, ERH, ERI1, ERI2, ERI3, ERICH1, ERICH2, ERICH3, ERICH4, ERICH5, ERICH6, ERICH6B, ERLEC1, ERLIN1, ERLIN2, ERMAP, ERMARD, ERMN, ERMP1, ERN1, ERN2, ERO1A, ERO1B, ERP27, ERP29, ERP44, ERRFI1, ERV3-1, ERVFRD-1, ERVMER34-1, ERVV-1, ERVV-2, ERVW-1, ESAM, ESCO1, ESCO2, ESD, ESF1, ESM1, ESPL1, ESPN, ESPNL, ESR1, ESR2, ESRP1, ESRP2, ESRRA, ESRRB, ESRRG, ESS2, ESX1, ESYT1, ESYT2, ESYT3, ETAA1, ETDA, ETDB, ETDC, ETF1, ETFA, ETFB, ETFBKMT, ETFDH, ETFRF1, ETHEl, ETNK1, ETNK2, ETNPPL, ETS1, ETS2, ETV1, ETV2, ETV3, ETV3L, ETV4, ETV5, ETV6, ETV7, EVA1A, EVA1B, EVA1C, EVC, EVC2, EVI2A, EVI2B, EVI5, EVI5L, EVL, EVPL, EVPLL, EVX1, EVX2, EWSR1, EXD1, EXD2, EXD3, EXO1, EXO5, EXOC1, EXOC1L, EXOC2, EXOC3, EXOC3L1, EXOC3L2, EXOC3L4, EXOC4, EXOC5, EXOC6, EXOC6B, EXOC7, EXOC8, EXOG, EXOSC, EXOSC10, EXOSC2, EXOSC3, EXOSC4, EXOSC5, EXOSC6, EXOSC7, EXOSC8, EXOSC9, EXPH5, EXT1, EXT2, EXTL1, EXTL2, EXTL3, EYA1, EYA2, EYA3, EYA4, EYS, EZH1, EZH2, EZR, F10, F11, F1R, F12, F13A1, F13B, F2, F2R, F2RL1, F2RL2, F2RL3, F3, F5, F7, F8, F8A1, F8A2, F8A3, F9, FA2H, FAAH, FAAH2, FAAP100, FAAP20, FAAP24, FABP1, FABP12, FABP2, FABP3, FABP4, FABP5, FABP6, FABP7, FABP9, FADD, FADS1, FADS2, FADS3, FADS6, FAF1, FAF2, FAH, FAHD1, FAHD2A, FAHD2B, FAIM, FAIM2, FAM102A, FAM102B, FAM103A1, FAM104A, FAM104B, FAM105A, FAM106A, FAM107A, FAM107B, FAM109A, FAM109B, FAM110A, FAM110B, FAM110C, FAM110D, FAM111A, FAM111B, FAM114A1, FAM114A2, FAM117A, FAM117B, FAM118A, FAM118B, FAM120A, FAM120AOS, FAM120B, FAM120C, FAM122A, FAM122B, FAM122C, FAM124A, FAM124B, FAM126A, FAM126B, FAM129A, FAM129B, FAM129C, FAM131A, FAM131B, FAM131C, FAM133A, FAM133B, FAM135A, FAM135B, FAM136A, FAM13A, FAM13B, FAM13C, FAM149A, FAM149B1, FAM151A, FAM151B, FAM153A, FAM153B, FAM153C, FAM155A, FAM155B, FAM156A, FAM156B, FAM159A, FAM159B, FAM160A1, FAM160A2, FAM160B1, FAM160B2, FAM161A, FAM161B, FAM162A, FAM162B, FAM163A, FAM163B, FAM166A, FAM166B, FAM167A, FAM167B, FAM168A, FAM168B, FAM169A, FAM169B, FAM170A, FAM170B, FAM171A1, FAM171A2, FAM171B, FAM172A, FAM173A, FAM173B, FAM174A, FAM174B, FAM177A1, FAM177B, FAM178B, FAM180A, FAM180B, FAM181A, FAM181B, FAM182B, FAM183A, FAM184A, FAM184B, FAM185A, FAM186A, FAM186B, FAM187A, FAM187B, FAM189A1, FAM189A2, FAM189B, FAM192A, FAM193A, FAM193B, FAM196A, FAM196B, FAM198A, FAM198B, FAM199X, FAM19A1, FAM19A2, FAM19A3, FAM19A4, FAM19A5, FAM200A, FAM200B, FAM204A, FAM205A, FAM205C, FAM206A, FAM207A, FAM208A, FAM208B, FAM209A, FAM209B, FAM20A, FAM20B, FAM20C, FAM210A, FAM210B, FAM212A, FAM212B, FAM213A, FAM213B, FAM214A, FAM214B, FAM216A, FAM216B, FAM217A, FAM217B, FAM218A, FAM219A, FAM219B, FAM220A, FAM221A, FAM221B, FAM222A, FAM222B, FAM227A, FAM227B, FAM228A, FAM228B, FAM229A, FAM229B, FAM230A, FAM231A, FAM231B, FAM231C, FAM231D, FAM234A, FAM234B, FAM236A, FAM236B, FAM236C, FAM236D, FAM237A, FAM237B, FAM240A, FAM240B, FAM24A, FAM24B, FAM25A, FAM25C, FAM25G, FAM26D, FAM26E, FAM26F, FAM32A, FAM35A, FAM3A, FAM3B, FAM3C, FAM3D, FAM43A, FAM43B, FAM45A, FAM46A, FAM46B, FAM46C, FAM46D, FAM47A, FAM47B, FAM47C, FAM47E, FAM47E-STBD1, FAM49A, FAM49B, FAM50A, FAM50B, FAM53A, FAM53B, FAM53C, FAM57A, FAM57B, FAM58A, FAM60A, FAM69A, FAM69B, FAM69C, FAM71A, FAM71B, FAM71C, FAM71D, FAM71E1, FAM71E2, FAM71F1, FAM71F2, FAM72A, FAM72B, FAM72C, FAM72D, FAM76A, FAM76B, FAM78A, FAM78B, FAM81A, FAM81B, FAM83A, FAM83B, FAM83C, FAM83D, FAM83E, FAM83F, FAM83G, FAM83H, FAM84A, FAM84B, FAM86B1, FAM86B2, FAM86C1, FAM89A, FAM89B, FAM8A1, FAM90A1, FAM90A26, FAM91A1, FAM92A, FAM92B, FAM95C, FAM96A, FAM96B, FAM98A, FAM98B, FAM98C, FAM9A, FAM9B, FAM9C, FAN1, FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD2, FANCD2OS, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCL, FANCM, FANK1, FAP, FAR1, FAR2, FARP1, FARP2, FARS2, FARSA, FARSB, FAS, FASLG, FASN, FASTK, FASTKD1, FASTKD2, FASTKD3, FASTKD5, FAT1, FAT2, FAT3, FAT4, FATE1, FAU, FAXC, FAXDC2, FBF1, FBL, FBLIM1, FBLL1, FBLN1, FBLN2, FBLN5, FBLN7, FBN1, FBN2, FBN3, FBP1, FBP2, FBRS, FBRSL1, FBXL12, FBXL13, FBXL14, FBXL15, FBXL16, FBXL17, FBXL18, FBXL19, FBXL2, FBXL20, FBXL22, FBXL3, FBXL4, FBXL5, FBXL6, FBXL7, FBXL8, FBXO10, FBXO11, FBX015, FBX016, FBX017, FBX018, FBXO2, FBXO21, FBXO22, FBXO24, FBXO25, FBXO27, FBXO28, FBXO3, FBXO30, FBXO31, FBXO32, FBXO33, FBXO34, FBXO36, FBXO38, FBXO39, FBXO4, FBXO40, FBXO41, FBXO42, FBXO43, FBXO44, FBXO45, FBXO46, FBXO47, FBXO48, FBX05, FBXO6, FBXO7, FBXO8, FBXO9, FBXW10, FBXW11, FBXW12, FBXW2, FBXW4, FBXW5, FBXW7, FBXW8, FBXW9, FCAMR, FCAR, FCER1A, FCER1G, FCER2, FCF1, FCGBP, FCGR1A, FCGR1B, FCGR2A, FCGR2B, FCGR2C, FCGR3A, FCGR3B, FCGRT, FCHO1, FCHO2, FCHSD1, FCHSD2, FCMR, FCN1, FCN2, FCN3, FCRL1, FCRL2, FCRL3, FCRL4, FCRL5, FCRL6, FCRLA, FCRLB, FDCSP, FDFT1, FDPS, FDX1, FDX2, FDXACB1, FDXR, FECH, FEM1A, FEM1B, FEM1C, FEN1, FER, FER1L5, FER1L6, FERD3L, FERMT1, FERMT2, FERMT3, FES, FETUB, FEV, FEZ1, FEZ2, FEZF1, FEZF2, FFAR1, FFAR2, FFAR3, FFAR4, FGA, FGB, FGD1, FGD2, FGD3, FGD4, FGD5, FGD6, FGF1, FGF10, FGF11, FGF12, FGF13, FGF14, FGF16, FGF17, FGF18, FGF19, FGF2, FGF20, FGF21, FGF22, FGF23, FGF3, FGF4, FGF5, FGF6, FGF7, FGF8, FGF9, FGFBP1, FGFBP2, FGFBP3, FGFR1, FGFR1OP, FGFR1OP2, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4, FGFRL1, FGG, FGGY, FGL1, FGL2, FGR, FH, FHAD1, FHDC1, FHIT, FHL1, FHL2, FHL3, FHL5, FHOD1, FHOD3, FIBCD1, FIBIN, FIBP, FICD, FIG4, FIGLA, FIGN, FIGNL1, FIGNL2, FILIP1, FILIPL, FIP1L1, FIS1, FITM1, FITM2, FIZ1, FJX1, FKBP10, FKBP11, FKBP14, FKBP15, FKBP1A, FKBP1B, FKBP1C, FKBP2, FKBP3, FKBP4, FKBP5, FKBP6, FKBP7, FKBP8, FKBP9, FKBPL, FKRP, FKTN, FLAD1, FLCN, FLG, FLG2, FLI1, FLII, FLNA, FLNB, FLNC, FLOT1, FLOT2, FLRT1, FLRT2, FLRT3, FLT1, FLT3, FLT3LG, FLT4, FLVCR1, FLVCR2, FLYWCH1, FLYWCH2, FMC1, FMN1, FMN2, FMNL1, FMNL2, FMNL3, FMO1, FMO2, FMO3, FMO4, FMO5, FMOD, FMR1, FMR1NB, FN1, FN3K, FN3KRP, FNBP1, FNBP1L, FNBP4, FNDC1, FNDC10, FNDC11, FNDC3A, FNDC3B, FNDC4, FNDC5, FNDC7, FNDC8, FNDC9, FNIP1, FNIP2, FNTA, FNTB, FO681492.1, FO681542.1, FOCAD, FOLH1, FOLR1, FOLR2, FOLR3, FOPNL, FOS, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, FOXA1, FOXA2, FOXA3, FOXB1, FOXB2, FOXC1, FOXC2, FOXD1, FOXD2, FOXD3, FOXD4, FOXD4L1, FOXD4L3, FOXD4L4, FOXD4L5, FOXD4L6, FOXE1, FOXE3, FOXF1, FOXF2, FOXG1, FOXH1, FOXI1, FOXI2, FOXI3, FOXJ1, FOXJ2, FOXJ3, FOXK1, FOXK2, FOXL1, FOXL2, FOXL2NB, FOXM1, FOXN1, FOXN2, FOXN3, FOXN4, FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, FOXO6, FOXP1, FOXP2, FOXP3, FOXP4, FOXQ1, FOXR1, FOXR2, FOXRED1, FOXRED2, FOXS1, FP236240.1, FP565260.1, FP565260.2, FP565260.3, FP565260.4, FP565260.6, FP565260.7, FP565324.1, FP565324.2, FPGS, FPGT, FPGT-TNNI3K, FPR1, FPR2, FPR3, FRA10AC1, FRAS1, FRAT1, FRAT2, FREM1, FREM2, FREM3, FRG1, FRG2, FRG2B, FRG2C, FRK, FRMD1, FRMD3, FRMD4A, FRMD4B, FRMD5, FRMD6, FRMD7, FRMD8, FRMPD1, FRMPD2, FRMPD3, FRMPD4, FRRS1, FRRS1L, FRS2, FRS3, FRY, FRYL, FRZB, FSBP, FSCB, FSCN1, FSCN2, FSCN3, FSD1, FSD1L, FSD2, FSHB, FSHR, FSIP1, FSIP2, FST, FSTL1, FSTL3, FSTL4, FSTL5, FTCD, FTCDNL1, FTH1, FTHL17, FTL, FTMT, FTO, FTSJ1, FTSJ3, FUBP1, FUBP3, FUCA1, FUCA2, FUK, FUNDC1, FUNDC2, FUOM, FURIN, FUS, FUT1, FUT10, FUT11, FUT2, FUT3, FUT4, FUT5, FUT6, FUT7, FUT8, FUT9, FUZ, FXN, FXR1, FXR2, FXYD1, FXYD2, FXYD3, FXYD4, FXYD5, FXYD6, FXYD6-FXYD2, FXYD7, FYB1, FYB2, FYC01, FYN, FYTTD1, FZD1, FZD10, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD9, FZR1, GOS2, G2E3, G3BP1, G3BP2, G6PC, G6PC2, G6PC3, G6PD, GAA, GAB1, GAB2, GAB3, GAB4, GABARAP, GABARAPL1, GABARAPL2, GABBR1, GABBR2, GABPA, GABPB1, GABPB2, GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRA4, GABRA5, GABRA6, GABRB1, GABRB2, GABRB3, GABRD, GABRE, GABRG1, GABRG2, GABRG3, GABRP, GABRQ, GABRR1, GABRR2, GABRR3, GAD1, GAD2, GADD45A, GADD45B, GADD45G, GADD45GIP1, GADL1, GAGE1, GAGE10, GAGE12B, GAGE12C, GAGE12D, GAGE12E, GAGE12F, GAGE12G, GAGE12H, GAGE12J, GAGE13, GAGE2A, GAGE2E, GAK, GAL, GAL3ST1, GAL3ST2, GAL3ST3, GAL3ST4, GALC, GALE, GALK1, GALK2, GALM, GALNS, GALNT1, GALNT10, GALNT11, GALNT12, GALNT13, GALNT14, GALNT15, GALNT16, GALNT17, GALNT18, GALNT2, GALNT3, GALNT4, GALNT5, GALNT6, GALNT7, GALNT8, GALNT9, GALNTL5, GALNTL6, GALP, GALR1, GALR2, GALR3, GALT, GAMT, GAN, GANAB, GANC, GAP43, GAPDH, GAPDHS, GAPT, GAPVD1, GAR1, GAREMI, GAREM2, GARNL3, GARS, GART, GAS1, GAS2, GAS2L1, GAS2L2, GAS2L3, GAS6, GAS7, GAS8, GAST, GATA1, GATA2, GATA3, GATA4, GATA5, GATA6, GATADI, GATAD2A, GATAD2B, GATB, GATC, GATD1, GATM, GATS, GBA, GBA2, GBA3, GBE1, GBF1, GBGT1, GBP1, GBP2, GBP3, GBP4, GBP5, GBP6, GBP7, GBX1, GBX2, GC, GCA, GCAT, GCC1, GCC2, GCDH, GCFC2, GCG, GCGR, GCH1, GCHFR, GCK, GCKR, GCLC, GCLM, GCM1, GCM2, GCN1, GCNA, GCNT1, GCNT2, GCNT3, GCNT4, GCNT7, GCOM1, GCSAM, GCSAML, GCSH, GDA, GDAP1, GDAP1L1, GDAP2, GDE1, GDF1, GDF10, GDF11, GDF15, GDF2, GDF3, GDF5, GDF5OS, GDF6, GDF7, GDF9, GDI1, GDI2, GDNF, GDPD1, GDPD2, GDPD3, GDPD4, GDPD5, GDPGP1, GEM, GEMIN2, GEMIN4, GEMIN5, GEMIN6, GEMIN7, GEMIN8, GEN1, GET4, GFAP, GFER, GFI1, GFIB, GFM1, GFM2, GFOD1, GFOD2, GFPT1, GFPT2, GFRA1, GFRA2, GFRA3, GFRA4, GFRAL, GFY, GGA1, GGA2, GGA3, GGACT, GGCT, GGCX, GGH, GGN, GGNBP2, GGPS1, GGT1, GGT2, GGT5, GGT6, GGT7, GGTLC1, GGTLC2, GGTLC3, GH1, GH2, GHDC, GHITM, GHR, GHRH, GHRHR, GHRL, GHSR, GID4, GID8, GIF, GIGYF1, GIGYF2, GIMAP1, GIMAP1-GIMAP5, GIMAP2, GIMAP4, GIMAP5, GIMAP6, GIMAP7, GIMAP8, GIMD1, GIN1, GINM1, GINS1, GINS2, GINS3, GINS4, GIP, GIPC1, GIPC2, GIPC3, GIPR, GIT1, GIT2, GJA1, GJA10, GJA3, GJA4, GJA5, GJA8, GJA9, GJB1, GJB2, GJB3, GJB4, GJB5, GJB6, GJB7, GJC1, GJC2, GJC3, GJD2, GJD3, GJD4, GJE1, GK, GK2, GK3P, GK5, GKAP1, GKN1, GKN2, GLA, GLB1, GLB1L, GLB1L2, GLB1L3, GLCCI1, GLCE, GLDC, GLDN, GLE1, GLG1, GLI1, GLI2, GLI3, GLI4, GLIPR1, GLIPR1L1, GLIPR1L2, GLIPR2, GLIS1, GLIS2, GLIS3, GLMN, GLMP, GLO1, GLOD4, GLOD5, GLP1R, GLP2R, GLRA1, GLRA2, GLRA3, GLRA4, GLRB, GLRX, GLRX2, GLRX3, GLRX5, GLS, GLS2, GLT1D1, GLT6D1, GLT8D1, GLT8D2, GLTP, GLTPD2, GLUD1, GLUD2, GLUL, GLYAT, GLYATL1, GLYATL1P3, GLYATL2, GLYATL3, GLYCTK, GLYR1, GM2A, GMCL1, GMDS, GMEB1, GMEB2, GMFB, GMFG, GMIP, GML, GMNC, GMNN, GMPPA, GMPPB, GMPR, GMPR2, GMPS, GNA11, GNA12, GNA13, GNA14, GNA15, GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAL, GNAO1, GNAQ, GNAS, GNAT1, GNAT2, GNAT3, GNAZ, GNB1, GNB1L, GNB2, GNB3, GNB4, GNB5, GNE, GNG10, GNG11, GNG12, GNG13, GNG14, GNG2, GNG3, GNG4, GNG5, GNG7, GNG8, GNGT1, GNGT2, GNL1, GNL2, GNL3, GNL3L, GNLY, GNMT, GNPAT, GNPDA1, GNPDA2, GNPNAT1, GNPTAB, GNPTG, GNRH1, GNRH2, GNRHR, GNS, GOLGA1, GOLGA2, GOLGA3, GOLGA4, GOLGA5, GOLGA6A, GOLGA6B, GOLGA6C, GOLGA6D, GOLGA6L1, GOLGA6L10, GOLGA6L2, GOLGA6L22, GOLGA6L4, GOLGA6L6, GOLGA6L7P, GOLGA6L9, GOLGA7, GOLGA7B, GOLGA8A, GOLGA8B, GOLGA8F, GOLGA8G, GOLGA8H, GOLGA8J, GOLGA8K, GOLGA8M, GOLGA8N, GOLGA80, GOLGA8Q, GOLGA8R, GOLGA8S, GOLGA8T, GOLGB1, GOLIM4, GOLM1, GOLPH3, GOLPH3L, GOLTIA, GOLTIB, GON4L, GON7, GOPC, GORAB, GORASP, GORASP2, GOSR1, GOSR2, GOT1, GOT1L1, GOT2, GP1BA, GP1BB, GP2, GP5, GP6, GP9, GPA33, GPAA1, GPALPP1, GPAM, GPANK1, GPAT2, GPAT3, GPAT4, GPATCH1, GPATCH11, GPATCH2, GPATCH2L, GPATCH3, GPATCH4, GPATCH8, GPBAR1, GPBP1, GPBP1L1, GPC1, GPC2, GPC3, GPC4, GPC5, GPC6, GPCPD1, GPD1, GPD1L, GPD2, GPER1, GPHA2, GPHB5, GPHN, GPI, GPIBP1, GPKOW, GPLD1, GPM6A, GPM6B, GPN1, GPN2, GPN3, GPNMB, GPR1, GPR101, GPR107, GPR108, GPR119, GPR12, GPR132, GPR135, GPR137, GPR137B, GPR137C, GPR139, GPR141, GPR142, GPR143, GPR146, GPR148, GPR149, GPR15, GPR150, GPR151, GPR152, GPR153, GPR155, GPR156, GPR157, GPR158, GPR160, GPR161, GPR162, GPR17, GPR171, GPR173, GPR174, GPR176, GPR179, GPR18, GPR180, GPR182, GPR183, GPR19, GPR20, GPR21, GPR22, GPR25, GPR26, GPR27, GPR3, GPR31, GPR32, GPR33, GPR34, GPR35, GPR37, GPR37L1, GPR39, GPR4, GPR42, GPR45, GPR50, GPR52, GPR55, GPR6, GPR61, GPR62, GPR63, GPR65, GPR68, GPR75, GPR75-ASB3, GPR78, GPR82, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR87, GPR88, GPR89A, GPR89B, GPRASP1, GPRASP2, GPRC5A, GPRC5B, GPRC5C, GPRC5D, GPRC6A, GPRIN1, GPRIN2, GPRIN3, GPS1, GPS2, GPSM1, GPSM2, GPSM3, GPT, GPT2, GPX1, GPX2, GPX3, GPX4, GPX5, GPX6, GPX7, GPX8, GRAMD1A, GRAMD1B, GRAMD1C, GRAMD2A, GRAMD2B, GRAMD4, GRAP, GRAP2, GRAPL, GRASP, GRB10, GRB14, GRB2, GRB7, GREB1, GREBIL, GREM1, GREM2, GRHL1, GRHL2, GRHL3, GRHPR, GRIAl, GRIA2, GRIA3, GRIA4, GRID1, GRID2, GRID2IP, GRIFIN, GRIK1, GRIK2, GRIK3, GRIK4, GRIK5, GRIN1, GRIN2A, GRIN2B, GRIN2C, GRIN2D, GRIN3A, GRIN3B, GRINA, GRIP1, GRIP2, GRIPAP1, GRK1, GRK2, GRK3, GRK4, GRK5, GRK6, GRK7, GRM1, GRM2, GRM3, GRM4, GRM5, GRM6, GRM7, GRM8, GRN, GRP, GRPEL1, GRPEL2, GRPR, GRSF1, GRTP1, GRWD1, GRXCR1, GRXCR2, GSAP, GSC, GSC2, GSDMA, GSDMB, GSDMC, GSDMD, GSE1, GSG1, GSG1L, GSG1L2, GSK3A, GSK3B, GSKIP, GSN, GSPT1, GSPT2, GSR, GSS, GSTA1, GSTA2, GSTA3, GSTA4, GSTA5, GSTCD, GSTK1, GSTM1, GSTM2, GSTM3, GSTM4, GSTM5, GSTO1, GSTG2, GSTP1, GSTT1, GSTT2, GSTT2B, GSTTP1, GSTZ1, GSX1, GSX2, GTDC1, GTF2A1, GTF2A1L, GTF2A2, GTF2B, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2F1, GTF2F2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H2C, GTF2H2C_2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, GTF2H5, GTF2I, GTF2IRD1, GTF2IRD2, GTF2IRD2B, GTF3A, GTF3C1, GTF3C2, GTF3C3, GTF3C4, GTF3C5, GTF3C6, GTPBP1, GTPBP10, GTPBP2, GTPBP3, GTPBP4, GTPBP6, GTPBP8, GTSE1, GTSF1, GTSF1L, GU182339.1, GU182339.3, GU182343.1, GU182343.2, GU182345.1, GU182345.2, GU182347.1, GU182351.2, GU182352.2, GU182353.1, GU182355.1, GU182355.2, GU182355.3, GU182357.1, GU182357.3, GU182359.1, GU182359.2, GUCA1A, GUCA1B, GUCA1C, GUCA2A, GUCA2B, GUCD1, GUCY1A2, GUCY1A3, GUCY1B3, GUCY2C, GUCY2D, GUCY2F, GUF1, GUK1, GULP1, GUSB, GVQW2, GXYLT1, GXYLT2, GYG1, GYG2, GYPA, GYPB, GYPC, GYPE, GYS1, GYS2, GZF1, GZMA, GZMB, GZMH, GZMK, GZMM, H1FO, H1FNT, H1FOO, H1FX, H2AFB1, H2AFB2, H2AFB3, H2AFJ, H2AFV, H2AFX, H2AFY, H2AFY2, H2AFZ, H2BFM, H2BFS, H2BFWT, H3F3A, H3F3B, H3F3C, H6PD, HAAO, HABP2, HABP4, HACD1, HACD2, HACD3, HACD4, HACE1, HACL1, HADH, HADHA, HADHB, HAGH, HAGHL, HAL, HAMP, HAND1, HAND2, HAO1, HA2, HAP1, HAPLN1, HAPLN2, HAPLN3, HAPLN4, HARBI1, HARS, HARS2, HAS1, HAS2, HAS3, HASPIN, HAT1, HAUS1, HAUS2, HAUS3, HAUS4, HAUS5, HAUS6, HAUS7, HAUS8, HAVCR1, HAVCR2, HAX1, HBA1, HBA2, HBB, HBD, HBE1, HBEGF, HBG1, HBG2, HBM, HBP1, HBQ, HBS1L, HBZ, HCAR1, HCAR2, HCAR3, HCCS, HCFC1, HCFC1R1, HCFC2, HCK, HCLS1, HCN1, HCN2, HCN3, HCN4, HCRT, HCRTR1, HCRTR2, HCST, HDAC1, HDAC10, HDAC11, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC5, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC8, HDAC9, HDC, HDDC2, HDDC3, HDGF, HDGFL1, HDGFL2, HDGFL3, HDHD2, HDHD3, HDHD5, HDLBP, HDX, HEATR, HEATR3, HEATR4, HEATR5A, HEATR5B, HEATR6, HEATR9, HEBP1, HEBP2, HECA, HECTD1, HECTD2, HECTD3, HECTD4, HECW1, HECW2, HEG1, HELB, HELLS, HELQ, HELT, HELZ, HELZ2, HEMGN, HEMK1, HENMT1, HEPACAM, HEPACAM2, HEPH, HEPHL1, HEPN1, HERC1, HERC2, HERC3, HERC4, HERC5, HERC6, HERPUD, HERPUD2, HES1, HES2, HES3, HES4, HES5, HES6, HES7, HESX1, HEXA, HEXB, HEXDC, HEXIM1, HEXIM2, HEYl, HEY2, HEYL, HFE, HFE2, HFM1, HGD, HGF, HGFAC, HGH1, HGNC:18790, HGNC:24955, HGS, HGSNAT, HHAT, HHATL, HHEX, HHIP, HHIPL1, HHIPL2, HHLA1, HHLA2, HHLA3, HIBADH, HIBCH, HIC1, HIC2, HID1, HIF1A, HIF1AN, HIF3A, HIGD1A, HIGD1B, HIGD1C, HIGD2A, HIGD2B, HIKESHI, HILPDA, HINFP, HINTI, HINT2, HINT3, HIP1, HIP1R, HIPK1, HIPK2, HIPK3, HIPK4, HIRA, HIRIP3, HISTHA, HIST1H1B, HIST1H1C, HIST1H1D, HIST1H1E, HIST1H1T, HIST1H2AA, HIST1H2AB, HIST1H2AC, HIST1H2AD, HIST1H2AE, HIST1H2AG, HIST1H2AH, HIST1H2AI, HIST1H2AJ, HIST1H2AK, HIST1H2AL, HIST1H2AM, HIST1H2BA, HIST1H2BB, HIST1H2BC, HIST1H2BD, HIST1H2BE, HIST1H2BF, HIST1H2BG, HIST1H2BH, HIST1H2BI, HIST1H2BJ, HIST1H2BK, HIST1H2BL, HIST1H2BM, HIST1H2BN, HIST1H2BO, HIST1H3A, HIST1H3B, HIST1H3C, HIST1H3D, HIST1H3E, HIST1H3F, HIST1H3G, HIST1H3H, HIST1H3I, HIST1H3J, HIST1H4A, HIST1H4B, HIST1H4C, HIST1H4D, HIST1H4E, HIST1H4F, HIST1H4G, HIST1H4H, HIST1H4I, HIST1H4J, HIST1H4K, HIST1H4L, HIST2H2AA3, HIST2H2AA4, HIST2H2AB, HIST2H2AC, HIST2H2BE, HIST2H2BF, HIST2H3A, HIST2H3C, HIST2H3D, HIST2H3PS2, HIST2H4A, HIST2H4B, HIST3H2A, HIST3H2BB, HIST3H3, HIST4H4, HIVEP1, HIVEP2, HIVEP3, HJURP, HK1, HK2, HK3, HKDC1, HKR1, HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DMA, HLA-DMB, HLA-DOA, HLA-DOB, HLA-DPA1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQA2, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DQB2, HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DRB4, HLA-DRB5, HLA-E, HLA-F, HLA-G, HLCS, HLF, HLTF, HLX, HM13, HM190170.1, HMBOXI, HMBS, HMCES, HMCN1, HMCN2, HMG20A, HMG20B, HMGA1, HMGA2, HMGBI, HMGB2, HMGB3, HMGB4, HMGCL, HMGCLL1, HMGCR, HMGCS1, HMGCS2, HMGN, HMGN2, HMGN3, HMGN4, HMGN5, HMGXB3, HMGXB4, HMHB1, HMMR, HMOX1, HMOX2, HMSD, HMX1, HMX2, HMX3, HNF1A, HNF1B, HNF4A, HNF4G, HNMT, HNRNPA0, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA1L2, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPA3, HNRNPAB, HNRNPC, HNRNPCL1, HNRNPCL2, HNRNPCL3, HNRNPCL4, HNRNPD, HNRNPDL, HNRNPF, HNRNPH1, HNRNPH2, HNRNPH3, HNRNPK, HNRNPL, HNRNPLL, HNRNPM, HNRNPR, HNRNPU, HNRNPUL1, HNRNPUL2, HNRNPUL2-BSCL2, HOGA1, HOMER1, HOMER2, HOMER3, HOMEZ, HOOK1, HOOK2, HOOK3, HOPX, HORMAD1, HORMAD2, HOXA1, HOXA10, HOXA11, HOXA13, HOXA2, HOXA3, HOXA4, HOXA5, HOXA6, HOXA7, HOXA9, HOXB1, HOXB13, HOXB2, HOXB3, HOXB4, HOXB5, HOXB6, HOXB7, HOXB8, HOXB9, HOXC10, HOXC11, HOXC12, HOXC13, HOXC4, HOXC5, HOXC6, HOXC8, HOXC9, HOXD1, HOXD10, HOXD11, HOXD12, HOXD13, HOXD3, HOXD4, HOXD8, HOXD9, HP, HP1BP3, HPCA, HPCAL1, HPCAL4, HPD, HPDL, HPF1, HPGD, HPGDS, HPN, HPR, HPRT1, HPS1, HPS3, HPS4, HPS5, HPS6, HPSE, HPSE2, HPX, HR, HRAS, HRASLS, HRASLS2, HRASLS5, HRC, HRCT1, HRG, HRH1, HRH2, HRH3, HRH4, HRK, HRNR, HS1BP3, HS2ST1, HS3ST1, HS3ST2, HS3ST3A1, HS3ST3B1, HS3ST4, HS3ST5, HS3ST6, HS6ST1, HS6ST2, HS6ST3, HSBP1, HSBP1L1, HSCB, HSD11B1, HSD11B1L, HSD11B2, HSD17B1, HSD17B10, HSD17B11, HSD17B12, HSD17B13, HSD17B14, HSD17B2, HSD17B3, HSD17B4, HSD17B6, HSD17B7, HSD17B8, HSD3B1, HSD3B2, HSD3B7, HSDL1, HSDL2, HSF1, HSF2, HSF2BP, HSF4, HSF5, HSFX1, HSFX2, HSFX3, HSFX4, HSFY1, HSFY2, HSH2D, HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1, HSPA12A, HSPA12B, HSPA13, HSPA14, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPA1L, HSPA2, HSPA4, HSPA4L, HSPA5, HSPA6, HSPA8, HSPA9, HSPB1, HSPB11, HSPB2, HSPB2-C11orf52, HSPB3, HSPB6, HSPB7, HSPB8, HSPB9, HSPBAP1, HSPBP1, HSPD1, HSPE1, HSPE1-MOB4, HSPG2, HSPH1, HTATIP2, HTATSF1, HTD2, HTN1, HTN3, HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR1D, HTR1E, HTR1F, HTR2A, HTR2B, HTR2C, HTR3A, HTR3B, HTR3C, HTR3D, HTR3E, HTR4, HTR5A, HTR6, HTR7, HTRA1, HTRA2, HTRA3, HTRA4, HTT, HUNK, HUS1, HUS1B, HUWEl, HVCN1, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4, HYDIN, HYI, HYKK, HYLS1, HYOU1, HYPK, HYPM, IAH1, IAPP, IARS, IARS2, IBA57, IBSP, IBTK, ICA1, ICA1L, ICAM1, ICAM2, ICAM3, ICAM4, ICAM5, ICE1, ICE2, ICK, ICMT, ICOS, ICOSLG, ID1, ID2, ID3, ID4, IDE, IDH1, IDH2, IDH3A, IDH3B, IDH3G, IDI1, IDI2, IDNK, IDO1, IDO2, IDS, IDUA, IER2, IER3, IER3IP1, IERS, IER5L, IFFO1, IFFO2, IFI16, IFI27, IFI27L1, IFI27L2, IFI30, IFI35, IFI44, IFI44L, IFI6, IFIH1, IFIT1, IFIT1B, IFIT2, IFIT3, IFIT5, IFITM1, IFITM10, IFITM2, IFITM3, IFITM5, IFNA1, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA2, IFNA21, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNAR1, IFNAR2, IFNB1, IFNE, IFNG, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IFNK, IFNL1, IFNL2, IFNL3, IFNL4, IFNLR1, IFNW1, IFRD1, IFRD2, IFT122, IFT140, IFT172, IFT20, IFT22, IFT27, IFT43, IFT46, IFT52, IFT57, IFT74, IFT80, IFT81, IFT88, IGBP1, IGDCC3, IGDCC4, IGF1, IGF1R, IGF2, IGF2BP1, IGF2BP2, IGF2BP3, IGF2R, IGFALS, IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IGFBP3, IGFBP4, IGFBP5, IGFBP6, IGFBP7, IGFBPL1, IGFL1, IGFL2, IGFL3, IGFL4, IGFLR1, IGFN1, IGHA1, IGHA2, IGHD, IGHD1-1, IGHD1-14, IGHD1-20, IGHD1-26, IGHD1-7, IGHDIOR15-1A, IGHD1OR15-1B, IGHD2-15, IGHD2-2, IGHD2-21, IGHD2-8, IGHD2OR15-2A, IGHD2OR15-2B, IGHD3-10, IGHD3-16, IGHD3-22, IGHD3-3, IGHD3-9, IGHD30R15-3A, IGHD30R15-3B, IGHD4-11, IGHD4-17, IGHD4-23, IGHD4-4, IGHD40R15-4A, IGHD40R15-4B, IGHD5-12, IGHD5-18, IGHD5-24, IGHD5-5, IGHD50R15-5A, IGHD50R15-5B, IGHD6-13, IGHD6-19, IGHD6-25, IGHD6-6, IGHD7-27, IGHE, IGHG1, IGHG2, IGHG3, IGHG4, IGHJ1, IGHJ2, IGHJ3, IGHJ4, IGHJ5, IGHJ6, IGHM, IGHMBP2, IGHV1-18, IGHV1-2, IGHV1-24, IGHV1-3, IGHV1-45, IGHV1-46, IGHV1-58, IGHV1-69, IGHV1OR15-1, IGHV1OR15-9, IGHV1OR21-1, IGHV2-26, IGHV2-5, IGHV2-70, IGHV2OR16-5, IGHV3-11, IGHV3-13, IGHV3-15, IGHV3-16, IGHV3-20, IGHV3-21, IGHV3-23, IGHV3-30, IGHV3-33, IGHV3-35, IGHV3-38, IGHV3-43, IGHV3-48, IGHV3-49, IGHV3-53, IGHV3-64, IGHV3-66, IGHV3-7, IGHV3-72, IGHV3-73, IGHV3-74, IGHV30R15-7, IGHV30R16-10, IGHV30R16-12, IGHV30R16-13, IGHV30R16-8, IGHV30R16-9, IGHV4-28, IGHV4-31, IGHV4-34, IGHV4-39, IGHV4-4, IGHV4-59, IGHV4-61, IGHV40R15-8, IGHV5-51, IGHV6-1, IGHV7-81, IGIP, IGKC, IGKJ1, IGKJ2, IGKJ3, IGKJ4, IGKJ5, IGKV1-12, IGKV1-16, IGKV1-17, IGKV1-27, IGKV1-33, IGKV1-37, IGKV1-39, IGKV1-5, IGKV1-6, IGKV1-8, IGKV1-9, IGKV1D-12, IGKV1D-13, IGKV1D-16, IGKV1D-17, IGKV1D-33, IGKV1D-37, IGKV1D-39, IGKV1D-42, IGKV1D-43, IGKV1D-8, IGKV1OR2-108, IGKV2-24, IGKV2-28, IGKV2-30, IGKV2-40, IGKV2D-24, IGKV2D-26, IGKV2D-28, IGKV2D-29, IGKV2D-30, IGKV2D-40, IGKV3-11, IGKV3-15, IGKV3-20, IGKV3-7, IGKV3D-11, IGKV3D-15, IGKV3D-20, IGKV3D-7, IGKV3OR2-268, IGKV4-1, IGKV5-2, IGKV6-21, IGKV6D-21, IGKV6D-41, IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC7, IGLJ1, IGLJ2, IGLJ3, IGLJ4, IGLJ5, IGLJ6, IGLJ7, IGLL1, IGLL5, IGLON5, IGLV10-54, IGLV11-55, IGLV1-36, IGLV1-40, IGLV1-44, IGLV1-47, IGLV1-50, IGLV1-51, IGLV2-11, IGLV2-14, IGLV2-18, IGLV2-23, IGLV2-33, IGLV2-8, IGLV3-1, IGLV3-10, IGLV3-12, IGLV3-16, IGLV3-19, IGLV3-21, IGLV3-22, IGLV3-25, IGLV3-27, IGLV3-32, IGLV3-9, IGLV4-3, IGLV4-60, IGLV4-69, IGLV5-37, IGLV5-45, IGLV5-48, IGLV5-52, IGLV6-57, IGLV7-43, IGLV7-46, IGLV8-61, IGLV9-49, IGSF1, IGSF10, IGSF11, IGSF21, IGSF22, IGSF23, IGSF3, IGSF5, IGSF6, IGSF8, IGSF9, IGSF9B, IHH, IK, IKBIP, IKBKB, IKBKE, IKBKG, IKZF1, IKZF2, IKZF3, IKZF4, IKZF5, IL10, IL10RA, IL10RB, IL11, IL11RA, IL12A, IL12B, IL12RB1, IL12RB2, IL13, IL13RA1, IL13RA2, IL15, IL15RA, IL16, IL17A, IL17B, IL17C, IL17D, IL17F, IL17RA, IL17RB, IL17RC, IL17RD, IL17RE, IL17REL, IL18, IL18BP, IL18R1, IL18RAP, IL19, ILlA, IL1B, IL1F10, IL1R1, IL1R2, IL1RAP, ILIRAPL, IL1RAPL2, IL1RL1, IL1RL2, IL1RN, IL2, IL20, IL20RA, IL20RB, IL21, IL21R, IL22, IL22RA1, IL22RA2, IL23A, IL23R, IL24, IL25, IL26, IL27, IL27RA, IL2RA, IL2RB, IL2RG, IL3, IL31, IL31RA, IL32, IL33, IL34, IL36A, IL36B, IL36G, IL36RN, IL37, IL3RA, IL4, IL4I1, IL4R, IL5, IL5RA, IL6, IL6R, IL6ST, IL7, IL7R, IL9, IL9R, ILDR1, ILDR2, ILF2, ILF3, ILK, ILKAP, ILVBL, IMMP1L, IMMP2L, IMMT, IMP3, IMP4, IMPA1, IMPA2, IMPACT, IMPAD1, IMPDH1, IMPDH2, IMPG1, IMPG2, INA, INAFM1, INAFM2, INAVA, INCA1, INCENP, INF2, ING1, ING2, ING3, ING4, ING5, INHA, INHBA, INHBB, INHBC, INHBE, INIP, INMT, INMT-MINDY4, IN080, INO80B, INO80B-WBP1, INO80C, INO80D, INO80E, INPP1, INPP4A, INPP4B, INPP5A, INPP5B, INPP5D, INPP5E, INPP5F, INPP5J, INPP5K, INPPL1, INS, INSC, INSIGI, INSIG2, INS-IGF2, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5, INSL6, INSM1, INSM2, INSR, INSRR, INTS1, INTS10, INTS11, INTS12, INTS13, INTS14, INTS2, INTS3, INTS4, INTS5, INTS6, INTS6L, INTS7, INTS8, INTS9, INTU, INVS, IP6K1, IP6K2, IP6K3, IPCEF1, IPMK, IPO11, IPO13, IPO4, IPO5, IPO7, IPO8, IPO9, IPP, IPPK, IQANK, IQCA1, IQCA1L, IQCB1, IQCC, IQCD, IQCE, IQCF1, IQCF2, IQCF3, IQCF5, IQCF6, IQCG, IQCH, IQCJ, IQCJ-SCHIP1, IQCK, IQCM, IQGAP1, IQGAP2, IQGAP3, IQSEC1, IQSEC2, IQSEC3, IQUB, RAK1, IRAKIBP1, IRAK2, RAK3, IRAK4, IREB2, IRF1, IRF2, IRF2BP1, IRF2BP2, IRF2BPL, IRF3, IRF4, IRF5, IRF6, IRF7, IRF8, IRF9, IRGC, IRGM, IRGQ, IRS1, IRS2, IRS4, IRX1, IRX2, IRX3, IRX4, IRX5, IRX6, ISCA1, ISCA2, ISCU, ISG15, ISG20, ISG20L2, ISL1, ISL2, ISLR, ISLR2, ISM1, ISM2, ISOC1, ISOC2, ISPD, IST1, ISX, ISY1, ISY1-RAB43, ISYNA1, ITCH, ITFG1, ITFG2, ITGA1, ITGA10, ITGA11, ITGA2, ITGA2B, ITGA3, ITGA4, ITGA5, ITGA6, ITGA7, ITGA8, ITGA9, ITGAD, ITGAE, ITGAL, ITGAM, ITGAV, ITGAX, ITGB1, ITGB1BP1, ITGB1BP2, ITGB2, ITGB3, ITGB3BP, ITGB4, ITGB5, ITGB6, ITGB7, ITGB8, ITGBL1, ITIH1, ITIH2, ITIH3, ITIH4, ITIH5, ITIH6, ITK, ITLN1, ITLN2, ITM2A, ITM2B, ITM2C, ITPA, ITPK1, ITPKA, ITPKB, ITPKC, ITPR1, ITPR2, ITPR3, ITPRIP, ITPRIPL1, ITPRIPL2, ITSN1, ITSN2, IVD, IVL, IVNS1ABP, IWS1, IYD, IZUMO1, IZUMOIR, IZUMO2, IZUMO3, IZUMO4, JADE1, JADE2, JADE3, JAG1, JAG2, JAGN1, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, JAKMIP1, JAKMIP2, JAKMIP3, JAM2, JAM3, JAML, JARID2, JAZF1, JCAD, JCHAIN, JDP2, JKAMP, JMJD1C, JMJD4, JMJD6, JMJD7, JMJD7-PLA2G4B, JMJD8, JMY, JOSD1, JOSD2, JPH1, JPH2, JPH3, JPH4, JPT1, JPT2, JRK, JRKL, JSRP1, JTB, JUN, JUNB, JUND, JUP, KAAG1, KALRN, KANK1, KANK2, KANK3, KANK4, KANSL1, KANSL1L, KANSL2, KANSL3, KANTR, KARS, KAT14, KAT2A, KAT2B, KAT5, KAT6A, KAT6B, KAT7, KAT8, KATNA1, KATNAL1, KATNAL2, KATNB1, KATNBL1, KAZALD1, KAZN, KBTBD11, KBTBD11-OT1, KBTBD12, KBTBD13, KBTBD2, KBTBD3, KBTBD4, KBTBD6, KBTBD7, KBTBD8, KCMF1, KCNA1, KCNA10, KCNA2, KCNA3, KCNA4, KCNA5, KCNA7, KCNAB1, KCNAB2, KCNAB3, KCNB1, KCNB2, KCNC1, KCNC2, KCNC3, KCNC4, KCND1, KCND2, KCND3, KCNE1, KCNE1B, KCNE2, KCNE3, KCNE4, KCNE5, KCNF1, KCNG1, KCNG2, KCNG3, KCNG4, KCNH1, KCNH2, KCNH3, KCNH4, KCNH5, KCNH6, KCNH7, KCNH8, KCNIP1, KCNIP2, KCNIP3, KCNIP4, KCNJ1, KCNJ10, KCNJ11, KCNJ12, KCNJ13, KCNJ14, KCNJ15, KCNJ16, KCNJ18, KCNJ2, KCNJ3, KCNJ4, KCNJ5, KCNJ6, KCNJ8, KCNJ9, KCNK1, KCNK10, KCNK12, KCNK13, KCNK15, KCNK16, KCNK17, KCNK18, KCNK2, KCNK3, KCNK4, KCNK5, KCNK6, KCNK7, KCNK9, KCNMA1, KCNMB1, KCNMB2, KCNMB3, KCNMB4, KCNN1, KCNN2, KCNN3, KCNN4, KCNQ1, KCNQ2, KCNQ3, KCNQ4, KCNQ5, KCNRG, KCNS1, KCNS2, KCNS3, KCNT1, KCNT2, KCNU1, KCNV1, KCNV2, KCP, KCTD1, KCTD10, KCTD11, KCTD12, KCTD13, KCTD14, KCTD15, KCTD16, KCTD17, KCTD18, KCTD19, KCTD2, KCTD20, KCTD21, KCTD3, KCTD4, KCTD5, KCTD6, KCTD7, KCTD8, KCTD9, KDELC1, KDELC2, KDELR1, KDELR2, KDELR3, KDF1, KDM1A, KDM1B, KDM2A, KDM2B, KDM3A, KDM3B, KDM4A, KDM4B, KDM4C, KDM4D, KDM4E, KDM4F, KDM5A, KDM5B, KDM5C, KDM5D, KDM6A, KDM6B, KDM7A, KDM8, KDR, KDSR, KEAP1, KEL, KERA, KF459570.1, KHDC1, KHDC1L, KHDC3L, KHDRBS1, KHDRBS2, KHDRBS3, KHK, KHNYN, KHSRP, KIAA0040, KIAA0100, KIAA0141, KIAA0232, KIAA0319, KIAA0319L, KIAA0355, KIAA0368, KIAA0391, KIAA0408, KIAA0513, KIAA0556, KIAA0586, KIAA0753, KIAA0825, KIAA0895, KIAA0895L, KIAA0907, KIAA0930, KIAA1024, KIAA1024L, KIAA1107, KIAA1109, KIAA1143, KIAA1147, KIAA1161, KIAA1191, KIAA1210, KIAA1211, KIAA1211L, KIAA1217, KIAA1257, KIAA1324, KIAA1324L, KIAA1328, KIAA1456, KIAA1468, KIAA1522, KIAA1524, KIAA1549, KIAA1549L, KIAA1551, KIAA1586, KIAA1614, KIAA1644, KIAA1671, KIAA1683, KIAA1755, KIAA1841, KIAA1958, KIAA2012, KIAA2013, KIAA2026, KIDINS220, KIF11, KIF12, KIF13A, KIF13B, KIF14, KIF15, KIF16B, KIF17, KIF18A, KIF18B, KIF19, KIF1A, KIF1B, KIF1BP, KIF1C, KIF20A, KIF20B, KIF21A, KIF21B, KIF22, KIF23, KIF24, KIF25, KIF26A, KIF26B, KIF27, KIF2A, KIF2B, KIF2C, KIF3A, KIF3B, KIF3C, KIF4A, KIF4B, KIF5A, KIF5B, KIF5C, KIF6, KIF7, KIF9, KIFAP3, KIFC1, KIFC2, KIFC3, KIN, KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3, KIR2DL4, KIR2DL5A, KIR2DL5B, KIR2DP1, KIR2DS1, KIR2DS2, KIR2DS3, KIR2DS4, KIR2DS5, KIR3DL1, KIR3DL2, KIR3DL3, KIR3DP1, KIR3DS1, KIR3DX1, KIRREL1, KIRREL2, KIRREL3, KISS1, KISS1R, KIT, KITLG, KIZ, KL, KLB, KLC1, KLC2, KLC3, KLC4, KLF1, KLF10, KLF11, KLF12, KLF13, KLF14, KLF15, KLF16, KLF17, KLF18, KLF2, KLF3, KLF4, KLF5, KLF6, KLF7, KLF8, KLF9, KLHDC1, KLHDC10, KLHDC2, KLHDC3, KLHDC4, KLHDC7A, KLHDC7B, KLHDC8A, KLHDC8B, KLHDC9, KLHL1, KLHL10, KLHL11, KLHL12, KLHL13, KLHL14, KLHL15, KLHL17, KLHL18, KLHL2, KLHL20, KLHL21, KLHL22, KLHL23, KLHL24, KLHL25, KLHL26, KLHL28, KLHL29, KLHL3, KLHL30, KLHL31, KLHL32, KLHL33, KLHL34, KLHL35, KLHL36, KLHL38, KLHL4, KLHL40, KLHL41, KLHL42, KLHL5, KLHL6, KLHL7, KLHL8, KLHL9, KLK1, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, KLK14, KLK15, KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK9, KLKB1, KLLN, KLRB1, KLRC1, KLRC2, KLRC3, KLRC4, KLRC4-KLRK1, KLRD1, KLRF1, KLRF2, KLRG1, KLRG2, KLRK1, KMO, KMT2A, KMT2B, KMT2C, KMT2D, KMT2E, KMT5A, KMT5B, KMT5C, KNCN, KNDC1, KNG1, KNL1, KNOP1, KNSTRN, KNTC1, KP420437.1, KP420437.2, KP420437.3, KP420439.1, KP420440.1, KP420440.2, KP420440.3, KP420440.4, KP420440.5, KP420440.6, KP420440.7, KP420440.8, KP420440.9, KP420441.1, KP420441.2, KP420441.3, KP420441.4, KP420441.5, KP420442.2, KP420442.3, KP420443.1, KP420444.1, KP420444.2, KP420444.3, KP420444.4, KP420444.5, KP420444.6, KP420444.7, KP420446.1, KP420446.2, KPNA1, KPNA2, KPNA3, KPNA4, KPNA5, KPNA6, KPNA7, KPNB1, KPRP, KPTN, KRAS, KRBA1, KRBA2, KRBOX1, KRBOX4, KRCC1, KREMEN1, KREMEN2, KRI1, KRIT1, KRR1, KRT1, KRT10, KRT12, KRT13, KRT14, KRT15, KRT16, KRT17, KRT18, KRT19, KRT2, KRT20, KRT222, KRT23, KRT24, KRT25, KRT26, KRT27, KRT28, KRT3, KRT31, KRT32, KRT33A, KRT33B, KRT34, KRT35, KRT36, KRT37, KRT38, KRT39, KRT4, KRT40, KRT5, KRT6A, KRT6B, KRT6C, KRT7, KRT71, KRT72, KRT73, KRT74, KRT75, KRT76, KRT77, KRT78, KRT79, KRT8, KRT80, KRT81, KRT82, KRT83, KRT84, KRT85, KRT86, KRT9, KRTAP10-1, KRTAP10-10, KRTAP10-11, KRTAP10-12, KRTAP10-2, KRTAP10-3, KRTAP10-4, KRTAP10-5, KRTAP10-6, KRTAP10-7, KRTAP10-8, KRTAP10-9, KRTAP1-1, KRTAP11-1, KRTAP12-1, KRTAP12-2, KRTAP12-3, KRTAP12-4, KRTAP1-3, KRTAP13-1, KRTAP13-2, KRTAP13-3, KRTAP13-4, KRTAP1-4, KRTAP1-5, KRTAP15-1, KRTAP16-1, KRTAP17-1, KRTAP19-1, KRTAP19-2, KRTAP19-3, KRTAP19-4, KRTAP19-5, KRTAP19-6, KRTAP19-7, KRTAP19-8, KRTAP20-1, KRTAP20-2, KRTAP20-3, KRTAP20-4, KRTAP2-1, KRTAP21-1, KRTAP21-2, KRTAP21-3, KRTAP2-2, KRTAP22-1, KRTAP22-2, KRTAP2-3, KRTAP23-1, KRTAP2-4, KRTAP24-1, KRTAP25-1, KRTAP26-1, KRTAP27-1, KRTAP29-1, KRTAP3-1, KRTAP3-2, KRTAP3-3, KRTAP4-1, KRTAP4-11, KRTAP4-12, KRTAP4-16, KRTAP4-2, KRTAP4-3, KRTAP4-4, KRTAP4-5, KRTAP4-6, KRTAP4-7, KRTAP4-8, KRTAP4-9, KRTAP5-1, KRTAP5-10, KRTAP5-11, KRTAP5-2, KRTAP5-3, KRTAP5-4, KRTAP5-5, KRTAP5-6, KRTAP5-7, KRTAP5-8, KRTAP5-9, KRTAP6-1, KRTAP6-2, KRTAP6-3, KRTAP7-1, KRTAP8-1, KRTAP9-1, KRTAP9-2, KRTAP9-3, KRTAP9-4, KRTAP9-6, KRTAP9-7, KRTAP9-8, KRTAP9-9, KRTCAP2, KRTCAP3, KRTDAP, KSR1, KSR2, KTI12, KTN1, KU645196.1, KU645196.2, KU645196.3, KU645196.4, KU645196.5, KU645196.6, KU645196.7, KU645196.8, KU645196.9, KU645197.1, KU645197.2, KU645197.3, KU645197.4, KU645197.5, KU645198.1, KXD1, KY, KYAT1, KYAT3, KYNU, LlCAM, L1TD1, L2HGDH, L34079.1, L3HYPDH, L3MBTL1, L3MBTL2, L3MBTL3, L3MBTL4, LACC1, LACRT, LACTB, LACTB2, LACTBL1, LAD1, LAG3, LAGE3, LAIR1, LAIR2, LALBA, LAMA1, LAMA2, LAMA3, LAMA4, LAMA5, LAMB1, LAMB2, LAMB3, LAMB4, LAMC1, LAMC2, LAMC3, LAMP1, LAMP2, LAMP3, LAMP5, LAMTOR1, LAMTOR2, LAMTOR3, LAMTOR4, LAMTOR5, LANCL1, LANCL2, LANCL3, LAP3, LAPTM4A, LAPTM4B, LAPTM5, LARGE1, LARGE2, LARP1, LARPIB, LARP4, LARP4B, LARP6, LARP7, LARS, LARS2, LAS1L, LASP1, LAT, LAT2, LATS1, LATS2, LAX1, LAYN, LBH, LBHD1, LBP, LBR, LBX1, LBX2, LCA5, LCA5L, LCAT, LCE1A, LCE1B, LCE1C, LCE1D, LCE1E, LCE1F, LCE2A, LCE2B, LCE2C, LCE2D, LCE3A, LCE3B, LCE3C, LCE3D, LCE3E, LCE4A, LCE5A, LCE6A, LCK, LCLAT1, LCMT1, LCMT2, LCN1, LCN10, LCN12, LCN15, LCN2, LCN6, LCN8, LCN9, LCNL1, LCOR, LCORL, LCP1, LCP2, LCT, LCTL, LDAH, LDB1, LDB2, LDB3, LDHA, LDHAL6A, LDHAL6B, LDHB, LDHC, LDHD, LDLR, LDLRAD1, LDLRAD2, LDLRAD3, LDLRAD4, LDLRAP1, LDOC1, LEAP2, LECT2, LEF1, LEFTY1, LEFTY2, LEKR1, LELP1, LEMD1, LEMD2, LEMD3, LENEP, LENG1, LENG8, LENG9, LEO1, LEP, LEPR, LEPROT, LEPROTLI, LETM1, LETM2, LETMD1, LEUTX, LEXM, LFNG, LGALS1, LGALS12, LGALS13, LGALS14, LGALS16, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS3BP, LGALS4, LGALS7, LGALS7B, LGALS8, LGALS9, LGALS9B, LGALS9C, LGALSL, LGI1, LGI2, LGI3, LGI4, LGMN, LGR4, LGR5, LGR6, LGSN, LHB, LHCGR, LHFPL1, LHFPL2, LHFPL3, LHFPL4, LHFPL5, LHFPL6, LHPP, LHX1, LHX2, LHX3, LHX4, LHX5, LHX6, LHX8, LHX9, LIAS, LIF, LIFR, LIG1, LIG3, LIG4, LILRA1, LILRA2, LILRA3, LILRA4, LILRA5, LILRA6, LILRB1, LILRB2, LILRB3, LILRB4, LILRB5, LIM2, LMA1, LIMCH1, LIMD1, LIMD2, LIME1, LIMK1, LIMK2, LIMS1, LIMS2, LIMS3, LIMS4, LIN28A, LIN28B, LIN37, LIN52, LIN54, LIN7A, LIN7B, LIN7C, LIN9, LINC00094, LINC00116, LINC00282, LINC00672, LINC00675, LINC00694, LINC00854, LINC00890, LINC00959, LINC01125, LINC01556, LINC02210-CRHR1, LINGO1, LING2, LINGO3, LINGO4, LINS1, LIPA, LIPC, LIPE, LIPF, LIPG, LIPH, LIPI, LIPJ, LIPK, LIPM, LIPN, LIPT1, LIPT2, LITAF, LIX1, LIX1L, LKAAEAR1, LLGL1, LLGL2, LLPH, LMAN1, LMAN1L, LMAN2, LMAN2L, LMBR1, LMBR1L, LMBRD1, LMBRD2, LMCD1, LMF1, LMF2, LMLN, LMNA, LMNB1, LMNB2, LMNTD1, LMNTD2, LMO1, LMO2, LMO3, LMO4, LMO7, LMO7DN, LMOD1, LMOD2, LMOD3, LMTK2, LMTK3, LMX1A, LMX1B, LNP1, LNPEP, LNPK, LNX1, LNX2, LO000005.1, LONP1, LONP2, LONRF1, LONRF2, LONRF3, LOR, LOX, LOXHD1, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, LOXL4, LPA, LPAR1, LPAR2, LPAR3, LPAR4, LPAR5, LPAR6, LPCAT1, LPCAT2, LPCAT3, LPCAT4, LPGAT1, LPIN1, LPIN2, LPIN3, LPL, LPO, LPP, LPXN, LRAT, LRBA, LRCH1, LRCH2, LRCH3, LRCH4, LRCOL1, LRFN1, LRFN2, LRFN3, LRFN4, LRFN5, LRG1, LRGUK, LRIF1, LRIG1, LRIG2, LRIG3, LRIT1, LRIT2, LRIT3, LRMDA, LRMP, LRP1, LRP10, LRP11, LRP12, LRP1B, LRP2, LRP2BP, LRP3, LRP4, LRP5, LRP5L, LRP6, LRP8, LRPAP1, LRPPRC, LRR1, LRRC1, LRRC10, LRRC10B, LRRC14, LRRC14B, LRRC15, LRRC17, LRRC18, LRRC19, LRRC2, LRRC20, LRRC23, LRRC24, LRRC25, LRRC26, LRRC27, LRRC28, LRRC29, LRRC3, LRRC30, LRRC31, LRRC32, LRRC34, LRRC36, LRRC37A, LRRC37A2, LRRC37A3, LRRC37B, LRRC38, LRRC39, LRRC3B, LRRC3C, LRRC4, LRRC40, LRRC41, LRRC42, LRRC43, LRRC45, LRRC46, LRRC47, LRRC49, LRRC4B, LRRC4C, LRRC52, LRRC53, LRRC55, LRRC56, LRRC57, LRRC58, LRRC59, LRRC6, LRRC61, LRRC63, LRRC66, LRRC69, LRRC7, LRRC70, LRRC71, LRRC72, LRRC73, LRRC74A, LRRC74B, LRRC75A, LRRC75B, LRRC8A, LRRC8B, LRRC8C, LRRC8D, LRRC8E, LRRC9, LRRCC1, LRRD1, LRRFIP1, LRRFIP2, LRRIQ1, LRRIQ3, LRRIQ4, LRRK1, LRRK2, LRRN1, LRRN2, LRRN3, LRRN4, LRRN4CL, LRRTM1, LRRTM2, LRRTM3, LRRTM4, LRSAM1, LRTM1, LRTM2, LRTOMT, LRWD1, LSAMP, LSG1, LSM1, LSM10, LSM11, LSM12, LSM14A, LSM14B, LSM2, LSM3, LSM4, LSM5, LSM6, LSM7, LSM8, LSMEM1, LSMEM2, LSP1, LSR, LSS, LST1, LTA, LTA4H, LTB, LTB4R, LTB4R², LTBP1, LTBP2, LTBP3, LTBP4, LTBR, LTC4S, LTF, LTK, LTN1, LTV1, LUC7L, LUC7L2, LUC7L3, LUM, LURAP1, LURAP1L, LUZP1, LUZP2, LUZP4, LUZP6, LVRN, LXN, LY6D, LY6E, LY6G5B, LY6G5C, LY6G6C, LY6G6D, LY6G6E, LY6G6F, LY6H, LY6K, LY6L, LY75, LY75-CD302, LY86, LY9, LY96, LYAR, LYG1, LYG2, LYL1, LYN, LYNX1, LYPD1, LYPD2, LYPD3, LYPD4, LYPD5, LYPD6, LYPD6B, LYPD8, LYPLA1, LYPLA2, LYPLAL1, LYRM1, LYRM2, LYRM4, LYRM7, LYRM9, LYSMD1, LYSMD2, LYSMD3, LYSMD4, LYST, LYVE1, LYZ, LYZL1, LYZL2, LYZL4, LYZL6, LZIC, LZTFL1, LZTR1, LZTS1, LZTS2, LZTS3, M1AP, M6PR, MAATS1, MAB21L1, MAB21L2, MAB21L3, MACC1, MACF, MACROD1, MACROD2, MAD1L1, MAD2L1, MAD2L1BP, MAD2L2, MADCAM1, MADD, MAEA, MAEL, MAF, MAF1, MAFA, MAFB, MAFF, MAFG, MAFK, MAG, MAGEA1, MAGEA10, MAGEA11, MAGEA12, MAGEA2, MAGEA2B, MAGEA3, MAGEA4, MAGEA6, MAGEA8, MAGEA9, MAGEA9B, MAGEB1, MAGEB10, MAGEB16, MAGEB17, MAGEB18, MAGEB2, MAGEB3, MAGEB4, MAGEB5, MAGEB6, MAGEB6P1, MAGEC1, MAGEC2, MAGEC3, MAGED1, MAGED2, MAGED4, MAGED4B, MAGEE1, MAGEE2, MAGEF1, MAGEH1, MAGEL2, MAGI1, MAGI2, MAGI3, MAGIX, MAGOH, MAGOHB, MAGT1, MAIP1, MAJIN, MAK, MAK16, MAL, MAL2, MALL, MALRD1, MALSU1, MALT1, MAMDC2, MAMDC4, MAML1, MAML2, MAML3, MAMLD1, MAMSTR, MAN1A1, MAN1A2, MAN1B1, MAN1C1, MAN2A1, MAN2A2, MAN2B1, MAN2B2, MAN2C1, MANBA, MANBAL, MANEA, MANEAL, MANF, MANSC1, MANSC4, MAOA, MAOB, MAP10, MAP1A, MAP1B, MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, MAP1LC3B2, MAP1LC3C, MAP1S, MAP2, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MAP2K3, MAP2K4, MAP2K5, MAP2K6, MAP2K7, MAP3K1, MAP3K10, MAP3K11, MAP3K12, MAP3K13, MAP3K14, MAP3K15, MAP3K19, MAP3K2, MAP3K20, MAP3K21, MAP3K3, MAP3K4, MAP3K5, MAP3K6, MAP3K7, MAP3K7CL, MAP3K8, MAP3K9, MAP4, MAP4K1, MAP4K2, MAP4K3, MAP4K4, MAP4K5, MAP6, MAP6D1, MAP7, MAP7D1, MAP7D2, MAP7D3, MAP9, MAPK1, MAPK10, MAPK11, MAPK12, MAPK13, MAPK14, MAPK15, MAPK1IP1L, MAPK3, MAPK4, MAPK6, MAPK7, MAPK8, MAPK8IP1, MAPK8IP2, MAPK8IP3, MAPK9, MAPKAP1, MAPKAPK2, MAPKAPK3, MAPKAPK5, MAPKBP1, MAPRE1, MAPRE2, MAPRE3, MAPT, MARC1, MARC2, MARCH1, MARCH10, MARCH11, MARCH2, MARCH3, MARCH4, MARCH5, MARCH6, MARCH7, MARCH8, MARCH9, MARCKS, MARCKSL1, MARCO, MARF1, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, MARK4, MARS, MARS2, MARVELD1, MARVELD2, MARVELD3, MAS1, MAS1L, MASP1, MASP2, MAST1, MAST2, MAST3, MAST4, MASTL, MAT1A, MAT2A, MAT2B, MATK, MATN1, MATN2, MATN3, MATN4, MATR3, MAU2, MAVS, MAX, MAZ, MB, MB21D1, MB21D2, MBD1, MBD2, MBD3, MBD3L1, MBD3L2, MBD3L2B, MBD3L3, MBD3L4, MBD3L5, MBD4, MBD5, MBD6, MBIP, MBL2, MBLAC1, MBLAC2, MBNL1, MBNL2, MBNL3, MBOAT1, MBOAT2, MBOAT4, MBOAT7, MBP, MBTD1, MBTPS1, MBTPS2, MC1R, MC2R, MC3R, MC4R, MC5R, MCAM, MCAT, MCC, MCCC1, MCCC2, MCCD1, MCEE, MCEMP1, MCF2, MCF2L, MCF2L2, MCFD2, MCHR1, MCHR2, MCIDAS, MCL1, MCM10, MCM2, MCM3, MCM3AP, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6, MCM7, MCM8, MCM9, MCMBP, MCMDC2, MCOLN1, MCOLN2, MCOLN3, MCPH1, MCRIP1, MCRIP2, MCRS1, MCTP1, MCTP2, MCTS1, MCU, MCUB, MCUR1, MDC1, MDFI, MDFIC, MDFIC2, MDGA1, MDGA2, MDH1, MDH1B, MDH2, MDK, MDM1, MDM2, MDM4, MDN1, MDP1, MDS2, ME1, ME2, ME3, MEA1, MEAF6, MECOM, MECP2, MECR, MED1, MED10, MED11, MED12, MED12L, MED13, MED13L, MED14, MED14OS, MED15, MED16, MED17, MED18, MED19, MED20, MED21, MED22, MED23, MED24, MED25, MED26, MED27, MED28, MED29, MED30, MED31, MED4, MED6, MED7, MED8, MED9, MEDAG, MEF2A, MEF2B, MEF2C, MEF2D, MEFV, MEGF10, MEGF11, MEGF6, MEGF8, MEGF9, MEI1, MEI4, MEIG1, MEIKIN, MEIOB, MEIOC, MEIS1, MEIS2, MEIS3, MELK, MELTF, MEMO1, MEN1, MEOX1, MEOX2, MEP1A, MEP1B, MEPCE, MEPE, MERTK, MESD, MESP1, MESP2, MEST, MET, METAP1, METAP1D, METAP2, METRN, METRNL, METTL1, METTLI1B, METTL12, METTL13, METTL14, METTL15, METTL16, METTL17, METTL18, METTL21A, METTL21C, METTL22, METTL23, METTL24, METTL25, METTL26, METTL27, METTL2A, METTL2B, METTL3, METTL4, METTL5, METTL6, METTL7A, METTL7B, METTL8, METTL9, MEX3A, MEX3B, MEX3C, MEX3D, MFAP1, MFAP2, MFAP3, MFAP3L, MFAP4, MFAP5, MFF, MFGE8, MFHAS1, MFN1, MFN2, MFNG, MFRP, MFSD1, MFSD10, MFSD11, MFSD12, MFSD13A, MFSD14A, MFSD14B, MFSD14C, MFSD2A, MFSD2B, MFSD3, MFSD4A, MFSD4B, MFSD5, MFSD6, MFSD6L, MFSD7, MFSD8, MFSD9, MGA, MGAM, MGAM2, MGARP, MGAT1, MGAT2, MGAT3, MGAT4A, MGAT4B, MGAT4C, MGAT4D, MGAT5, MGAT5B, MGEA5, MGLL, MGME1, MGMT, MGP, MGRN1, MGST1, MGST2, MGST3, MIA, MIA3, MIA-RAB4B, MIB1, MIB2, MICA, MICAL1, MICAL2, MICAL3, MICALCL, MICALL1, MICALL2, MICB, MICU1, MICU2, MICU3, MID1, MID1IP1, MID2, MIDN, MIEF1, MIEF2, MIEN1, MIER1, MIER2, MIER3, MIF, MIF4GD, MIGA1, MIGA2, MIIP, MILR1, MINDY1, MINDY2, MINDY3, MINDY4, MINDY4B, MINK1, MINOSI, MINOS1-NBL1, MINPP1, MIOS, MIOX, MIP, MIPEP, MIPOL1, MIS12, MIS18A, MIS18BP1, MISP, MISP3, MITD1, MITF, MIXL1, MKI67, MKKS, MKL1, MKL2, MKLN1, MKNK1, MKNK2, MKRN1, MKRN2, MKRN2OS, MKRN3, MKS1, MKX, MLANA, MLC1, MLEC, MLF1, MLF2, MLH1, MLH3, MLIP, MLKL, MLLT1, MLLT10, MLLT11, MLLT3, MLLT6, MLN, MLNR, MLPH, MLST8, MLX, MLXIP, MLXIPL, MLYCD, MMAA, MMAB, MMACHC, MMADHC, MMD, MMD2, MME, MMEL1, MMGT1, MMP1, MMP10, MMP11, MMP12, MMP13, MMP14, MMP15, MMP16, MMP17, MMP19, MMP2, MMP20, MMP21, MMP23B, MMP24, MMP24-AS1, MMP25, MMP26, MMP27, MMP28, MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP9, MMRN1, MMRN2, MMS19, MMS22L, MN1, MNAT 1, MND1, MNDA, MNS1, MNT, MNX1, MOAP1, MOB1A, MOB1B, MOB2, MOB3A, MOB3B, MOB3C, MOB4, MOBP, MOCOS, MOCS1, MOCS2, MOCS3, MOG, MOGATI, MOGAT2, MOGAT3, MOGS, MOK, MON1A, MON1B, MON2, MORC1, MORC2, MORC3, MORC4, MORF4L1, MORF4L2, MORN1, MORN2, MORN3, MORN4, MORN5, MOS, MOSPD1, MOSPD2, MOSPD3, MOV10, MOV10L1, MOXD1, MPC1, MPC1L, MPC2, MPDU1, MPDZ, MPEG1, MPG, MPHOSPH10, MPHOSPH6, MPHOSPH8, MPHOSPH9, MPI, MPIG6B, MPL, MPLKIP, MPND, MPO, MPP1, MPP2, MPP3, MPP4, MPP5, MPP6, MPP7, MPPE1, MPPED1, MPPED2, MPRIP, MPST, MPV17, MPV17L, MPV17L2, MPZ, MPZL1, MPZL2, MPZL3, MR1, MRAP, MRAP2, MRAS, MRC1, MRC2, MRE11, MREG, MRFAP1, MRFAP1L1, MRGBP, MRGPRD, MRGPRE, MRGPRF, MRGPRG, MRGPRX1, MRGPRX2, MRGPRX3, MRGPRX4, MRIl, MRLN, MRM1, MRM2, MRM3, MRNIP, MRO, MROH1, MROH2A, MROH2B, MROH5, MROH6, MROH7, MROH7-TTC4, MROH8, MROH9, MRPL1, MRPL10, MRPL11, MRPL12, MRPL13, MRPL14, MRPL15, MRPL16, MRPL17, MRPL18, MRPL19, MRPL2, MRPL20, MRPL21, MRPL22, MRPL23, MRPL24, MRPL27, MRPL28, MRPL3, MRPL30, MRPL32, MRPL33, MRPL34, MRPL35, MRPL36, MRPL37, MRPL38, MRPL39, MRPL4, MRPL40, MRPL41, MRPL42, MRPL43, MRPL44, MRPL45, MRPL46, MRPL47, MRPL48, MRPL49, MRPL50, MRPL51, MRPL52, MRPL53, MRPL54, MRPL55, MRPL57, MRPL58, MRPL9, MRPS10, MRPS11, MRPS12, MRPS14, MRPS15, MRPS16, MRPS17, MRPS18A, MRPS18B, MRPS18C, MRPS2, MRPS21, MRPS22, MRPS23, MRPS24, MRPS25, MRPS26, MRPS27, MRPS28, MRPS30, MRPS31, MRPS33, MRPS34, MRPS35, MRPS36, MRPS5, MRPS6, MRPS7, MRPS9, MRRF, MRS2, MRTO4, MRVI1, MS4A1, MS4A10, MS4A12, MS4A13, MS4A14, MS4A15, MS4A2, MS4A3, MS4A4A, MS4A4E, MS4A5, MS4A6A, MS4A6E, MS4A7, MS4A8, MSANTD1, MSANTD2, MSANTD3, MSANTD3-TMEFF1, MSANTD4, MSC, MSGN1, MSH2, MSH3, MSH4, MSH5, MSH5-SAPCD1, MSH6, MSIl, MSI2, MSL1, MSL2, MSL3, MSLN, MSLNL, MSMB, MSMO1, MSMP, MSN, MSR1, MSRA, MSRB1, MSRB2, MSRB3, MSS51, MST1, MST1R, MSTN, MSTO1, MSX1, MSX2, MT1A, MT1B, MT1E, MT1F, MT1G, MT1H, MT1IL1, MT1M, MT1X, MT2A, MT3, MT4, MTA1, MTA2, MTA3, MTAP, MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8, MTBP, MTCH1, MTCH2, MTCL1, MT-CO1, MT-CO2, MT-CO3, MTCP1, MT-CYB, MTDH, MTERF1, MTERF2, MTERF3, MTERF4, MTF1, MTF2, MTFMT, MTFP1, MTFR1, MTFR1L, MTFR2, MTG1, MTG2, MTHFD1, MTHFD1L, MTHFD2, MTHFD2L, MTHFR, MTHFS, MTHFSD, MTIF2, MTIF3, MTM1, MTMR1, MTMR10, MTMR11, MTMR12, MTMR14, MTMR2, MTMR3, MTMR4, MTMR6, MTMR7, MTMR8, MTMR9, MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, MT-ND6, MTNR1A, MTNR1B, MTO1, MTOR, MTPAP, MTPN, MTR, MTRF1, MTRF1L, MTRNR2L1, MTRNR2L10, MTRNR2L11, MTRNR2L12, MTRNR2L13, MTRNR2L3, MTRNR2L4, MTRNR2L5, MTRNR2L6, MTRNR2L7, MTRNR2L8, MTRR, MTSS1, MTSS1L, MTTP, MTURN, MTUS1, MTUS2, MTX1, MTX2, MTX3, MUC1, MUC12, MUC13, MUC15, MUC16, MUC17, MUC2, MUC20, MUC21, MUC22, MUC3A, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6, MUC7, MUCL1, MUL1, MUM1, MUM1L1, MUS81, MUSK, MUSTN1, MUT, MUTYH, MVB12A, MVB12B, MVD, MVK, MVP, MX1, MX2, MXD1, MXD3, MXD4, MXI1, MXRA5, MXRA7, MXRA8, MYADM, MYADML2, MYB, MYBBP1A, MYBL1, MYBL2, MYBPC1, MYBPC2, MYBPC3, MYBPH, MYBPHL, MYC, MYCBP, MYCBP2, MYCBPAP, MYCL, MYCN, MYCT1, MYD88, MYDGF, MYEF2, MYEOV, MYF5, MYF6, MYH1, MYH10, MYH11, MYH13, MYH14, MYH15, MYH2, MYH3, MYH4, MYH6, MYH7, MYH7B, MYH8, MYH9, MYL1, MYL10, MYL12A, MYL12B, MYL2, MYL3, MYL4, MYL5, MYL6, MYL6B, MYL7, MYL9, MYLIP, MYLK, MYLK2, MYLK3, MYLK4, MYLPF, MYMK, MYMX, MYNN, MYO10, MYO15A, MYO15B, MYO16, MYO18A, MYO18B, MYO19, MYO1A, MYO1B, MYO1C, MYO1D, MYO1E, MYO1F, MYO1G, MYO1H, MYO3A, MYO3B, MYO5A, MYO5B, MYO5C, MYO6, MYO7A, MYO7B, MYO9A, MYO9B, MYOC, MYOCD, MYOCOS, MYOD1, MYOF, MYOG, MYOM1, MYOM2, MYOM3, MYOT, MYOZ1, MYOZ2, MYOZ3, MYPN, MYPOP, MYRF, MYRFL, MYRIP, MYSM1, MYT1, MYT1L, MYZAP, MZB1, MZF1, MZT1, MZT2A, MZT2B, N4BP1, N4BP2, N4BP2L1, N4BP2L2, N4BP3, N6AMT1, NAA10, NAA11, NAA15, NAA16, NAA20, NAA25, NAA30, NAA35, NAA38, NAA40, NAA50, NAA60, NAAA, NAALAD2, NAALADL1, NAALADL2, NAB1, NAB2, NABP1, NABP2, NACA, NACA2, NACAD, NACC1, NACC2, NADK, NADK2, NADSYN1, NAE1, NAF1, NAGA, NAGK, NAGLU, NAGPA, NAGS, NAIF1, NAIP, NALCN, NAMPT, NANOG, NANOGNB, NANOGP8, NANOS, NANOS2, NANOS3, NANP, NANS, NAP1L1, NAP1L2, NAP1L3, NAP1L4, NAP1L5, NAPA, NAPB, NAPEPLD, NAPG, NAPRT, NAPSA, NARF, NARFL, NARS, NARS2, NASP, NAT1, NAT10, NAT14, NAT16, NAT2, NAT6, NAT8, NAT8B, NAT8L, NAT9, NATD1, NAV1, NAV2, NAV3, NAXD, NAXE, NBAS, NBDY, NBEA, NBEAL1, NBEAL2, NBL1, NBN, NBPF1, NBPF10, NBPF11, NBPF12, NBPF14, NBPF15, NBPF19, NBPF20, NBPF26, NBPF3, NBPF4, NBPF6, NBPF9, NBR1, NCALD, NCAM1, NCAM2, NCAN, NCAPD2, NCAPD3, NCAPG, NCAPG2, NCAPH, NCAPH2, NCBP1, NCBP2, NCBP2-AS2, NCBP2L, NCBP3, NCCRP1, NCDN, NCEH1, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4, NCK1, NCK2, NCKAP1, NCKAP1L, NCKAP5, NCKAP5L, NCKIPSD, NCL, NCLN, NCMAP, NCOA1, NCOA2, NCOA3, NCOA4, NCOA5, NCOA6, NCOA7, NCOR1, NCOR2, NCR1, NCR2, NCR3, NCR3LG1, NCS1, NCSTN, NDC1, NDC80, NDE1, NDEL1, NDFIP1, NDFIP2, NDN, NDNF, NDOR1, NDP, NDRG1, NDRG2, NDRG3, NDRG4, NDST1, NDST2, NDST3, NDST4, NDUFA1, NDUFA10, NDUFA11, NDUFA12, NDUFA13, NDUFA2, NDUFA3, NDUFA4, NDUFA4L2, NDUFA5, NDUFA6, NDUFA7, NDUFA8, NDUFA9, NDUFAB1, NDUFAF1, NDUFAF2, NDUFAF3, NDUFAF4, NDUFAF5, NDUFAF6, NDUFAF7, NDUFAF8, NDUFB1, NDUFB10, NDUFB11, NDUFB2, NDUFB3, NDUFB4, NDUFB5, NDUFB6, NDUFB7, NDUFB8, NDUFB9, NDUFC1, NDUFC2, NDUFC2-KCTD14, NDUFS1, NDUFS2, NDUFS3, NDUFS4, NDUFS5, NDUFS6, NDUFS7, NDUFS8, NDUFV1, NDUFV2, NDUFV3, NEB, NEBL, NECAB1, NECAB2, NECAB3, NECAP1, NECAP2, NECTIN1, NECTIN2, NECTIN3, NECTIN4, NEDD1, NEDD4, NEDD4L, NEDD8, NEDD8-MDP1, NEDD9, NEFH, NEFL, NEFM, NEGR1, NEIL1, NEIL2, NEIL3, NEK1, NEK10, NEK11, NEK2, NEK3, NEK4, NEK5, NEK6, NEK7, NEK8, NEK9, NELFA, NELFB, NELFCD, NELFE, NELL1, NELL2, NEMF, NEMP1, NEMP2, NENF, NEO1, NEPRO, NES, NET1, NETO1, NETO2, NEU1, NEU2, NEU3, NEU4, NEURL1, NEURLB, NEURL2, NEURL3, NEURL4, NEUROD1, NEUROD2, NEUROD4, NEUROD6, NEUROG1, NEUROG2, NEUROG3, NEXMIF, NEXN, NF1, NF2, NFAM1, NFASC, NFAT5, NFATC1, NFATC2, NFATC2IP, NFATC3, NFATC4, NFE2, NFE2L1, NFE2L2, NFE2L3, NFE4, NFIA, NFIB, NFIC, NFIL3, NFIX, NFKB1, NFKB2, NFKBIA, NFKBIB, NFKBID, NFKBIE, NFKBIL1, NFKBIZ, NFRKB, NFS1, NFU1, NFX1, NFXL1, NFYA, NFYB, NFYC, NGB, NGDN, NGEF, NGF, NGFR, NGLY1, NGRN, NHEJ1, NHLH1, NHLH2, NHLRC1, NHLRC2, NHLRC3, NHLRC4, NHP2, NHS, NHSL1, NHSL2, NICN1, NID1, NID2, NIF3L1, NIFK, NIM1K, NIN, NINJ1, NINJ2, NINL, NIP7, NIPA1, NIPA2, NIPAL1, NIPAL2, NIPAL3, NIPAL4, NIPBL, NIPSNAP1, NIPSNAP2, NIPSNAP3A, NIPSNAP3B, NISCH, NIT1, NIT2, NKAINI, NKAIN2, NKAIN3, NKAIN4, NKAP, NKAPL, NKD1, NKD2, NKG7, NKIRAS1, NKIRAS2, NKPD1, NKRF, NKTR, NKX1-1, NKX1-2, NKX2-1, NKX2-2, NKX2-3, NKX2-4, NKX2-5, NKX2-6, NKX2-8, NKX3-1, NKX3-2, NKX6-1, NKX6-2, NKX6-3, NLE1, NLGN1, NLGN2, NLGN3, NLGN4X, NLGN4Y, NLK, NLN, NLRC3, NLRC4, NLRC5, NLRP1, NLRP10, NLRP11, NLRP12, NLRP13, NLRP14, NLRP2, NLRP2B, NLRP3, NLRP4, NLRP5, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP8, NLRP9, NLRX1, NMB, NMBR, NMD3, NME1, NME-NME2, NME2, NME3, NME4, NME5, NME6, NME7, NME8, NME9, NMI, NMNAT1, NMNAT2, NMNAT3, NMRAL1, NMRK1, NMRK2, NMS, NMT1, NMT2, NMU, NMUR1, NMUR2, NNAT, NNMT, NNT, NOA1, NOB1, NOBOX, NOC2L, NOC3L, NOC4L, NOCT, NOD1, NOD2, NODAL, NOG, NOL10, NOL11, NOL12, NOL3, NOL4, NOL4L, NOL6, NOL7, NOL8, NOL9, NOLC1, NOM1, NOMO1, NOM2, NOM3, NONO, NOP10, NOP14, NOP16, NOP2, NOP53, NOP56, NOP58, NOP9, NOS1, NOS1AP, NOS2, NOS3, NOSIP, NOSTRIN, NOTCHI, NOTCH2, NOTCH2NL, NOTCH3, NOTCH4, NOTO, NOTUM, NOV, NOVA1, NOVA2, NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, NOXA1, NOXO1, NOXRED1, NPAP1, NPAS1, NPAS2, NPAS3, NPAS4, NPAT, NPB, NPBWR1, NPBWR2, NPC1, NPC1L1, NPC2, NPDC1, NPEPL1, NPEPPS, NPFF, NPFFR1, NPFFR2, NPHP1, NPHP3, NPHP3-ACAD11, NPHP4, NPHS1, NPHS2, NPIPA1, NPIPA2, NPIPA3, NPIPA5, NPIPA7, NPIPA8, NPIPB11, NPIPB12, NPIPB13, NPIPB15, NPIPB2, NPIPB3, NPIPB4, NPIPB5, NPIPB6, NPIPB7, NPIPB8, NPIPB9, NPL, NPLOC4, NPM1, NPM2, NPM3, NPNT, NPPA, NPPB, NPPC, NPR1, NPR2, NPR3, NPRL2, NPRL3, NPS, NPSR1, NPTN, NPTX1, NPTX2, NPTXR, NPVF, NPW, NPY, NPY1R, NPY2R, NPY4R, NPY4R2, NPY5R, NQO1, NQO2, NROB1, NROB2, NR1D1, NR1D2, NR1H2, NR1H3, NR1H4, NR1I2, NR1I3, NR2C1, NR2C2, NR2C2AP, NR2E1, NR2E3, NR2F1, NR2F2, NR2F6, NR3C1, NR3C2, NR4A1, NR4A2, NR4A3, NR5A1, NR5A2, NR6A1, NRAP, NRARP, NRAS, NRBF2, NRBP1, NRBP2, NRCAM, NRDC, NRDE2, NREP, NRF1, NRG1, NRG2, NRG3, NRG4, NRGN, NRIP1, NRIP2, NRIP3, NRK, NRL, NRM, NRN1, NRN1L, NRP1, NRP2, NRROS, NRSN1, NRSN2, NRTN, NRXN1, NRXN2, NRXN3, NSA2, NSD1, NSD2, NSD3, NSDHL, NSF, NSFL1C, NSL1, NSMAF, NSMCE1, NSMCE2, NSMCE3, NSMCE4A, NSMF, NSRP1, NSUN2, NSUN3, NSUN4, NSUN5, NSUN6, NSUN7, NT5C, NT5C1A, NT5C1B, NT5C1B-RDH14, NT5C2, NT5C3A, NT5C3B, NT5DC1, NT5DC2, NT5DC3, NT5DC4, NT5E, NT5M, NTAN1, NTF3, NTF4, NTHL1, NTM, NTMT1, NTN1, NTN3, NTN4, NTN5, NTNG1, NTNG2, NTPCR, NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, NTS, NTSR1, NTSR2, NUAK1, NUAK2, NUB1, NUBP1, NUBP2, NUBPL, NUCB1, NUCB2, NUCKS1, NUDC, NUDCD1, NUDCD2, NUDCD3, NUDT1, NUDT10, NUDT11, NUDT12, NUDT13, NUDT14, NUDT15, NUDT16, NUDT16L1, NUDT17, NUDT18, NUDT19, NUDT2, NUDT21, NUDT22, NUDT3, NUDT4, NUDT4P1, NUDT5, NUDT6, NUDT7, NUDT8, NUDT9, NUF2, NUFIP1, NUFIP2, NUGGC, NUMA1, NUMB, NUMBL, NUP107, NUP133, NUP153, NUP155, NUP160, NUP188, NUP205, NUP210, NUP210L, NUP214, NUP35, NUP37, NUP43, NUP50, NUP54, NUP58, NUP62, NUP62CL, NUP85, NUP88, NUP93, NUP98, NUPL2, NUPR1, NUPR2, NUS1, NUSAP1, NUTF2, NUTM1, NUTM2A, NUTM2B, NUTM2D, NUTM2E, NUTM2F, NUTM2G, NVL, NWD1, NWD2, NXF1, NXF2, NXF2B, NXF3, NXF5, NXN, NXNL1, NXNL2, NXPE1, NXPE2, NXPE3, NXPE4, NXPH1, NXPH2, NXPH3, NXPH4, NXT1, NXT2, NYAP1, NYAP2, NYNRIN, NYX, OAF, OARD1, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, OASL, OAT, OAZ1, OAZ2, OAZ3, OBP2A, OBP2B, OBSCN, OBSCN-AS1, OBSL1, OC90, OCA2, OCEL1, OCIADI, OCIAD2, OCLM, OCLN, OCM, OCM2, OCRL, OCSTAMP, ODAM, ODC1, ODF1, ODF2, ODF2L, ODF3, ODF3B, ODF3L1, ODF3L2, ODF4, OFCC1, OFD1, OGDH, OGDHL, OGFOD1, OGFOD2, OGFOD3, OGFR, OGFRL1, OGG1, OGN, OGT, OIP5, OIT3, OLA1, OLAH, OLFM1, OLFM2, OLFM3, OLFM4, OLFML1, OLFML2A, OLFML2B, OLFML3, OLIG1, OLIG2, OLIG3, OLR1, OMA1, OMD, OMG, OMP, ONECUT1, ONECUT2, ONECUT3, OOEP, OOSP2, OPA1, OPA3, OPALIN, OPCML, OPHN1, OPLAH, OPN1LW, OPN1MW, OPN1MW2, OPN1MW3, OPNISW, OPN3, OPN4, OPN5, OPRD1, OPRK1, OPRL1, OPRM1, OPRPN, OPTC, OPTN, OR10A2, OR10A3, OR10A4, OR10A5, OR10A6, OR10A7, OR10AC1, OR10AD1, OR10AG1, OR10C1, OR10D3, OR10G2, OR10G3, OR10G4, OR10G6, OR10G7, OR10G8, OR10G9, OR10H1, OR10H2, OR10H3, OR10H4, OR10H5, OR10J1, OR10J3, OR10J4, OR10J5, OR10K1, OR10K2, OR10P1, OR10Q1, OR10R2, OR10S1, OR10T2, OR10V1, OR10W1, OR10X1, OR10Z1, OR11A1, OR11G2, OR11H1, OR11H12, OR11H2, OR11H4, OR11H6, OR11H7, OR11L1, OR12D1, OR12D2, OR12D3, OR13A1, OR13C2, OR13C3, OR13C4, OR13C5, OR13C7, OR13C8, OR13C9, OR13D1, OR13F1, OR13G1, OR13H1, OR13J1, OR14A16, OR14A2, OR14C36, OR14I1, OR14J1, OR14K1, OR1A1, OR1A2, OR1B1, OR1C1, OR1D2, OR1D5, OR1E1, OR1E2, OR1F1, OR1G1, OR1I1, OR1J1, OR1J2, OR1J4, OR1K1, OR1L1, OR1L3, OR1L4, OR1L6, OR1L8, OR1M1, OR1N1, OR1N2, OR1P1, OR1Q1, OR1S1, OR1S2, OR2A1, OR2A12, OR2A14, OR2A2, OR2A25, OR2A4, OR2A42, OR2A5, OR2A7, OR2AE1, OR2AG1, OR2AG2, OR2AJ1, OR2AK2, OR2AP1, OR2AT4, OR2B11, OR2B2, OR2B3, OR2B6, OR2C1, OR2C3, OR2D2, OR2D3, OR2F1, OR2F2, OR2G2, OR2G3, OR2G6, OR2H1, OR2H2, OR2J, OR2J2, OR2J3, OR2K2, OR2L13, OR2L2, OR2L3, OR2L5, OR2L8, OR2M2, OR2M3, OR2M4, OR2M5, OR2M7, OR2S2, OR2T1, OR2T10, OR2T11, OR2T12, OR2T2, OR2T27, OR2T29, OR2T3, OR2T33, OR2T34, OR2T35, OR2T4, OR2T5, OR2T6, OR2T7, OR2T8, OR2V1, OR2V2, OR2W1, OR2W3, OR2Y1, OR2Z1, OR3A1, OR3A2, OR3A3, OR4A15, OR4A16, OR4A47, OR4A5, OR4A8, OR4B1, OR4C11, OR4C12, OR4C13, OR4C15, OR4C16, OR4C3, OR4C45, OR4C46, OR4C5, OR4C6, OR4D1, OR4D10, OR4D11, OR4D2, OR4D5, OR4D6, OR4D9, OR4E1, OR4E2, OR4F15, OR4F16, OR4F17, OR4F21, OR4F29, OR4F3, OR4F4, OR4F5, OR4F6, OR4K1, OR4K13, OR4K14, OR4K15, OR4K17, OR4K2, OR4K3, OR4K5, OR4L1, OR4M1, OR4M2, OR4N2, OR4N4, OR4N5, OR4P4, OR4Q2, OR4Q3, OR4S1, OR4S2, OR4X1, OR4X2, OR51A2, OR51A4, OR51A7, OR51B2, OR51B4, OR51B5, OR51B6, OR51D1, OR51E1, OR51E2, OR51F1, OR51F2, OR51G1, OR51G2, OR51H1, OR51I1, OR51I2, OR51J1, OR51L1, OR51M1, OR51Q1, OR51S1, OR51T1, OR51V1, OR52A1, OR52A5, OR52B2, OR52B4, OR52B6, OR52D1, OR52E2, OR52E4, OR52E5, OR52E6, OR52E8, OR52H1, OR52I1, OR52I2, OR52J3, OR52K1, OR52K2, OR52L1, OR52M1, OR52N1, OR52N2, OR52N4, OR52N5, OR52R1, OR52W1, OR52Z1, OR56A1, OR56A3, OR56A4, OR56A5, OR56B1, OR56B4, ORA1, OR5A2, OR5AC1, OR5AC2, OR5AK2, OR5AN, OR5AP2, OR5AR1, OR5AS1, OR5AU1, OR5B12, OR5B17, OR5B2, OR5B21, OR5B3, OR5C1, OR5D13, OR5D14, OR5D16, OR5D18, OR5F1, OR5G3, OR5H1, OR5H14, OR5H15, OR5H2, OR5H6, OR5H8, OR5I1, OR5J2, OR5K1, OR5K2, OR5K3, OR5K4, OR5L1, OR5L2, OR5M1, OR5M10, OR5M11, OR5M3, OR5M8, OR5M9, OR5P2, OR5P3, OR5R1, OR5T1, OR5T2, OR5T3, OR5V1, OR5W2, OR6A2, OR6B1, OR6B2, OR6B3, OR6C1, OR6C2, OR6C3, OR6C4, OR6C6, OR6C65, OR6C68, OR6C70, OR6C74, OR6C75, OR6C76, OR6F1, OR6J1, OR6K2, OR6K3, OR6K6, OR6M1, OR6N1, OR6N2, OR6P1, OR6Q1, OR6S1, OR6T1, OR6V1, OR6X1, OR6Y1, OR7A10, OR7A17, OR7A5, OR7C1, OR7C2, OR7D2, OR7D4, OR7E24, OR7G1, OR7G2, OR7G3, OR8A1, OR8B12, OR8B2, OR8B3, OR8B4, OR8B8, OR8D1, OR8D2, OR8D4, OR8G1, OR8G5, OR8H1, OR8H2, OR8H3, OR8I2, OR8J1, OR8J2, OR8J3, OR8K1, OR8K3, OR8K5, OR8S1, OR8U1, OR8U8, OR9A2, OR9A4, OR9G1, OR9G4, OR9G9, OR9H1P, OR9I1, OR9K2, OR9Q1, OR9Q2, ORAI1, ORAI2, ORAI3, ORAOV1, ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5, ORC6, ORM1, ORM2, ORMDL1, ORMDL2, ORMDL3, OS9, OSBP, OSBP2, OSBPL10, OSBPL11, OSBPL1A, OSBPL2, OSBPL3, OSBPL5, OSBPL6, OSBPL7, OSBPL8, OSBPL9, OSCAR, OSCP1, OSER1, OSGEP, OSGEPL1, OSGIN1, OSGIN2, OSM, OSMR, OSR1, OSR2, OST4, OSTC, OSTF1, OSTM1, OSTN, OTC, OTOA, OTOF, OTOG, OTOGL, OTOL1, OTOP1, OTOP2, OTOP3, OTOR, OTOS, OTP, OTUB1, OTUB2, OTUD1, OTUD3, OTUD4, OTUD5, OTUD6A, OTUD6B, OTUD7A, OTUD7B, OTULIN, OTX1, OTX2, OVCA2, OVCH1, OVCH2, OVGP1, OVOL1, OVOL2, OVOL3, OXA1L, OXCT1, OXCT2, OXER1, OXGR1, OXLD1, OXNAD1, OXR1, OXSM, OXSR1, OXT, OXTR, P2RX1, P2RX2, P2RX3, P2RX4, P2RX5, P2RX5-TAX1BP3, P2RX6, P2RX7, P2RY1, P2RY10, P2RY11, P2RY12, P2RY13, P2RY14, P2RY2, P2RY4, P2RY6, P2RY8, P3H1, P3H2, P3H3, P3H4, P4HA1, P4HA2, P4HA3, P4HB, P4HTM, PA2G4, PAAF1, PABPC1, PABPC1L, PABPC1L2A, PABPC1L2B, PABPC3, PABPC4, PABPC4L, PABPC5, PABPN1, PABPN1L, PACRG, PACRGL, PACS1, PACS2, PACSIN1, PACSIN2, PACSIN3, PADI1, PADI2, PADI3, PADI4, PADI6, PAEP, PAF1, PAFAH1B1, PAFAH1B2, PAFAH1B3, PAFAH2, PAG1, PAGE1, PAGE2, PAGE2B, PAGE3, PAGE4, PAGE5, PAGR1, PAH, PAICS, PAIP1, PAIP2, PAIP2B, PAK1, PAK1IP1, PAK2, PAK3, PAK4, PAK5, PAK6, PALB2, PALD1, PALLD, PALM, PALM2, PALM2-AKAP2, PALM3, PALMD, PAM, PAM16, PAMR1, PAN2, PAN3, PANK1, PANK2, PANK3, PANK4, PANO1, PANX1, PANX2, PANX3, PAOX, PAPD4, PAPD5, PAPD7, PAPLN, PAPOLA, PAPOLB, PAPOLG, PAPPA, PAPPA2, PAPSS1, PAPSS2, PAQR3, PAQR4, PAQR5, PAQR6, PAQR7, PAQR8, PAQR9, PARD3, PARD3B, PARD6A, PARD6B, PARD6G, PARG, PARK7, PARL, PARM1, PARN, PARP1, PARP10, PARP11, PARP12, PARP14, PARP15, PARP16, PARP2, PARP3, PARP4, PARP6, PARP8, PARP9, PARPBP, PARS2, PARVA, PARVB, PARVG, PASD1, PASK, PATE1, PATE2, PATE3, PATE4, PATJ, PATL1, PATL2, PATZ1, PAWR, PAX1, PAX2, PAX3, PAX4, PAX5, PAX6, PAX7, PAX8, PAX9, PAXBP1, PAXIP1, PAXX, PBDC1, PBK, PBLD, PBOV1, PBRM1, PBX1, PBX2, PBX3, PBX4, PBXIP1, PC, PCBD1, PCBD2, PCBP1, PCBP2, PCBP3, PCBP4, PCCA, PCCB, PCDH1, PCDH10, PCDH11X, PCDH11Y, PCDH12, PCDH15, PCDH17, PCDH18, PCDH19, PCDH20, PCDH7, PCDH8, PCDH9, PCDHA1, PCDHA10, PCDHA11, PCDHA12, PCDHA13, PCDHA2, PCDHA3, PCDHA4, PCDHA5, PCDHA6, PCDHA7, PCDHA8, PCDHA9, PCDHAC1, PCDHAC2, PCDHB1, PCDHB10, PCDHB11, PCDHB12, PCDHB13, PCDHB14, PCDHB15, PCDHB16, PCDHB2, PCDHB3, PCDHB4, PCDHB5, PCDHB6, PCDHB7, PCDHB8, PCDHB9, PCDHGA1, PCDHGA10, PCDHGA11, PCDHGA12, PCDHGA2, PCDHGA3, PCDHGA4, PCDHGA5, PCDHGA6, PCDHGA7, PCDHGA8, PCDHGA9, PCDHGB1, PCDHGB2, PCDHGB3, PCDHGB4, PCDHGB5, PCDHGB6, PCDHGB7, PCDHGC3, PCDHGC4, PCDHGC5, PCED1A, PCED1B, PCF11, PCGF1, PCGF2, PCGF3, PCGF5, PCGF6, PCID2, PCIF1, PCK1, PCK2, PCLAF, PCLO, PCM1, PCMT1, PCMTD1, PCMTD2, PCNA, PCNP, PCNT, PCNX1, PCNX2, PCNX3, PCNX4, PCOLCE, PCOLCE2, PCOTH, PCP2, PCP4, PCP4L1, PCSK1, PCSK1N, PCSK2, PCSK4, PCSK5, PCSK6, PCSK7, PCSK9, PCTP, PCYOX1, PCYOX1L, PCYT1A, PCYT1B, PCYT2, PDAP1, PDC, PDCD1, PDCD10, PDCD11, PDCD1LG2, PDCD2, PDCD2L, PDCD4, PDCD5, PDCD6, PDCD6IP, PDCD7, PDCL, PDCL2, PDCL3, PDE10A, PDE11A, PDE12, PDE1A, PDE1B, PDE1C, PDE2A, PDE3A, PDE3B, PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C, PDE4D, PDE4DIP, PDE5A, PDE6A, PDE6B, PDE6C, PDE6D, PDE6G, PDE6H, PDE7A, PDE7B, PDE8A, PDE8B, PDE9A, PDF, PDGFA, PDGFB, PDGFC, PDGFD, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, PDGFRL, PDHA1, PDHA2, PDHB, PDHX, PDIA2, PDIA3, PDIA4, PDIA5, PDIA6, PDIK1L, PDILT, PDK1, PDK2, PDK3, PDK4, PDLIM1, PDLIM2, PDLIM3, PDLIM4, PDLIM5, PDLIM7, PDP1, PDP2, PDPK1, PDPN, PDPR, PDRG1, PDS5A, PDS5B, PDSS1, PDSS2, PDX1, PDXDC1, PDXK, PDXP, PDYN, PDZD11, PDZD2, PDZD3, PDZD4, PDZD7, PDZD8, PDZD9, PDZK1, PDZK1IP1, PDZRN3, PDZRN4, PEA15, PEAK1, PEAR1, PEBP1, PEBP4, PECAM1, PECR, PEF1, PEG10, PEG3, PELI1, PELI2, PELI3, PELO, PELP1, PEMT, PENK, PEPD, PER1, PER2, PER3, PERM1, PERP, PES1, PET100, PET117, PEX1, PEX10, PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX11G, PEX12, PEX13, PEX14, PEX16, PEX19, PEX2, PEX26, PEX3, PEX5, PEX5L, PEX6, PEX7, PF4, PF4V1, PFAS, PFDN1, PFDN2, PFDN4, PFDN5, PFDN6, PFKFB1, PFKFB2, PFKFB3, PFKFB4, PFKL, PFKM, PFKP, PFN1, PFN2, PFN3, PFN4, PGA3, PGA4, PGA5, PGAM1, PGAM2, PGAM4, PGAM5, PGAP1, PGAP2, PGAP3, PGBD1, PGBD2, PGBD4, PGBD5, PGC, PGD, PGF, PGGHG, PGGT1B, PGK1, PGK2, PGLS, PGLYRP1, PGLYRP2, PGLYRP3, PGLYRP4, PGM1, PGM2, PGM2L1, PGM3, PGM5, PGP, PGPEP1, PGPEP1L, PGR, PGRMC1, PGRMC2, PGS1, PHACTR1, PHACTR2, PHACTR3, PHACTR4, PHAX, PHB, PHB2, PHC1, PHC2, PHC3, PHEX, PHF1, PHF10, PHF11, PHF12, PHF13, PHF14, PHF19, PHF2, PHF20, PHF20L1, PHF21A, PHF21B, PHF23, PHF24, PHF3, PHF5A, PHF6, PHF7, PHF8, PHGDH, PHGR1, PHIP, PHKA1, PHKA2, PHKB, PHKG1, PHKG2, PHLDA1, PHLDA2, PHLDA3, PHLDB1, PHLDB2, PHLDB3, PHLPP1, PHLPP2, PHOSPHO1, PHOSPHO2, PHOX2A, PHOX2B, PHPT1, PHRF1, PHTF1, PHTF2, PHYH, PHYHD1, PHYHIP, PHYHIPL, PHYKPL, PI15, PI16, PI3, PI4K2A, PI4K2B, PI4KA, PI4 KB, PIANP, PIAS1, PIAS2, PIAS3, PIAS4, PIBF1, PICALM, PICK1, PID1, PIDD1, PIEZO1, PIEZO2, PIF1, PIFO, PIGA, PIGB, PIGBOS1, PIGC, PIGF, PIGG, PIGH, PIGK, PIGL, PIGM, PIGN, PIGO, PIGP, PIGQ, PIGR, PIGS, PIGT, PIGU, PIGV, PIGW, PIGX, PIGY, PIGZ, PIH1D1, PIH1D2, PIH1D3, PIK3AP1, PIK3C2A, PIK3C2B, PIK3C2G, PIK3C3, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3CG, PIK3IP1, PIK3R1, PIK3R2, PIK3R3, PIK3R4, PIK3R5, PIK3R6, PIKFYVE, PILRA, PILRB, PIM1, PIM2, PIM3, PIMREG, PIN1, PIN4, PINK1, PINLYP, PINX1, PIP, PIP4K2A, PIP4K2B, PIP4K2C, PIP5K1A, PIP5K1B, PIP5K1C, PIP5KL1, PIPOX, PIR, PIRT, PISD, PITHD1, PITPNA, PITPNB, PITPNC1, PITPNM1, PITPNM2, PITPNM3, PITRM1, PITX1, PITX2, PITX3, PIWIL1, PIWIL2, PIWIL3, PIWIL4, PJA1, PJA2, PKD1, PKD1L1, PKD1L2, PKD1L3, PKD2, PKD2L1, PKD2L2, PKDCC, PKDREJ, PKHD1, PKHD1L1, PKIA, PKIB, PKIG, PKLR, PKM, PKMYT1, PKN1, PKN2, PKN3, PKNOX1, PKNOX2, PKP1, PKP2, PKP3, PKP4, PLA1A, PLA2G10, PLA2G12A, PLA2G12B, PLA2G15, PLA2G16, PLA2G1B, PLA2G2A, PLA2G2C, PLA2G2D, PLA2G2E, PLA2G2F, PLA2G3, PLA2G4A, PLA2G4B, PLA2G4C, PLA2G4D, PLA2G4E, PLA2G4F, PLA2G5, PLA2G6, PLA2G7, PLA2R1, PLAA, PLAC1, PLAC4, PLAC8, PLAC8L1, PLAC9, PLAG1, PLAGL1, PLAGL2, PLAT, PLAU, PLAUR, PLB1, PLBD1, PLBD2, PLCB1, PLCB2, PLCB3, PLCB4, PLCD1, PLCD3, PLCD4, PLCE1, PLCG1, PLCG2, PLCH1, PLCH2, PLCL1, PLCL2, PLCXD1, PLCXD2, PLCXD3, PLCZ1, PLD1, PLD2, PLD3, PLD4, PLD5, PLD6, PLEC, PLEK, PLEK2, PLEKHA1, PLEKHA2, PLEKHA3, PLEKHA4, PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, PLEKHA7, PLEKHA8, PLEKHB1, PLEKHB2, PLEKHD1, PLEKHF1, PLEKHF2, PLEKHG1, PLEKHG2, PLEKHG3, PLEKHG4, PLEKHG4B, PLEKHG5, PLEKHG6, PLEKHG7, PLEKHH1, PLEKHH2, PLEKHH3, PLEKHJ1, PLEKHM1, PLEKHM2, PLEKHM3, PLEKHN1, PLEKHO1, PLEKHO2, PLEKHS1, PLET1, PLG, PLGLB1, PLGLB2, PLGRKT, PLIN1, PLIN2, PLIN3, PLIN4, PLIN5, PLK1, PLK2, PLK3, PLK4, PLK5, PLLP, PLN, PLOD1, PLOD2, PLOD3, PLP1, PLP2, PLPBP, PLPP1, PLPP2, PLPP3, PLPP4, PLPP5, PLPP6, PLPP7, PLPPR1, PLPPR2, PLPPR3, PLPPR4, PLPPR5, PLRG1, PLS1, PLS3, PLSCR1, PLSCR2, PLSCR3, PLSCR4, PLSCR5, PLTP, PLVAP, PLXDC1, PLXDC2, PLXNA1, PLXNA2, PLXNA3, PLXNA4, PLXNB1, PLXNB2, PLXNB3, PLXNC1, PLXND1, PM20D1, PM20D2, PMAIP1, PMCH, PMEL, PMEPA1, PMF1, PMF1-BGLAP, PMFBP1, PML, PMM1, PMM2, PMP2, PMP22, PMPCA, PMPCB, PMS1, PMS2, PMVK, PNCK, PNISR, PNKD, PNKP, PNLDC1, PNLIP, PNLIPRP1, PNLIPRP2, PNLIPRP3, PNMA1, PNMA2, PNMA3, PNMA5, PNMA6A, PNMA6E, PNMA6F, PNMA8A, PNMA8B, PNMA8C, PNMT, PNN, PNO1, PNOC, PNP, PNPLA1, PNPLA2, PNPLA3, PNPLA4, PNPLA5, PNPLA6, PNPLA7, PNPLA8, PNPO, PNPT1, PNRC1, PNRC2, POC1A, POC1B, POC1B-GALNT4, POC5, PODN, PODNL1, PODXL, PODXL2, POF1B, POFUTI, POFUT2, POGK, POGLUTI, POGZ, POLA1, POLA2, POLB, POLD1, POLD2, POLD3, POLD4, POLDIP2, POLDIP3, POLE, POLE2, POLE3, POLE4, POLG, POLG2, POLH, POLI, POLK, POLL, POLM, POLN, POLQ, POLR1A, POLR1B, POLR1C, POLR1D, POLR1E, POLR2A, POLR2B, POLR2C, POLR2D, POLR2E, POLR2F, POLR2G, POLR2H, POLR2I, POLR2J, POLR2J2, POLR2J3, POLR2K, POLR2L, POLR2M, POLR3A, POLR3B, POLR3C, POLR3D, POLR3E, POLR3F, POLR3G, POLR3GL, POLR3H, POLR3K, POLRMT, POM121, POM121C, POM121L12, POM121L2, POMC, POMGNT1, POMGNT2, POMK, POMP, POMT1, POMT2, POMZP3, PON1, PON2, PON3, POP1, POP4, POP5, POP7, POPDC2, POPDC3, POR, PORCN, POSTN, POT1, POTEA, POTEB, POTEB2, POTEB3, POTEC, POTED, POTEE, POTEF, POTEG, POTEH, POTEI, POTEJ, POTEM, POU1F1, POU2AF1, POU2F1, POU2F2, POU2F3, POU3F1, POU3F2, POU3F3, POU3F4, POU4F1, POU4F2, POU4F3, POU5F1, POU5F1B, POU5F2, POU6F1, POU6F2, PP2D1, PPA1, PPA2, PPAN, PPAN-P2RY11, PPARA, PPARD, PPARG, PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B, PPAT, PPBP, PPCDC, PPCS, PPDPF, PPEF1, PPEF2, PPFIA1, PPFIA2, PPFIA3, PPFIA4, PPFIBP1, PPFIBP2, PPHLN1, PPIA, PPIAL4A, PPIAL4C, PPIAL4D, PPIAL4E, PPIAL4F, PPIAL4G, PPIB, PPIC, PPID, PPIE, PPIF, PPIG, PPIH, PPIL1, PPIL2, PPIL3, PPIL4, PPIL6, PPIP5K1, PPIP5K2, PPL, PPM1A, PPM1B, PPM1D, PPM1E, PPM1F, PPM1G, PPM1H, PPM1J, PPM1K, PPM1L, PPM1M, PPM1N, PPME1, PPOX, PPP1CA, PPP1CB, PPP1CC, PPP1R10, PPP1R11, PPP1R12A, PPP1R12B, PPP1R12C, PPP1R13B, PPP1R13L, PPP1R14A, PPP1R14B, PPP1R14C, PPP1R14D, PPP1R15A, PPP1R15B, PPP1R16A, PPP1R16B, PPP1R17, PPP1R18, PPP1R1A, PPP1R1B, PPP1R1C, PPP1R2, PPP1R21, PPP1R26, PPP1R27, PPP1R2P3, PPP1R2P9, PPP1R32, PPP1R35, PPP1R36, PPP1R37, PPP1R3A, PPP1R3B, PPP1R3C, PPP1R3D, PPP1R3E, PPP1R3F, PPP1R3G, PPP1R42, PPP1R7, PPP1R8, PPP1R9A, PPP1R9B, PPP2CA, PPP2CB, PPP2R1A, PPP2R1B, PPP2R2A, PPP2R2B, PPP2R2C, PPP2R2D, PPP2R3A, PPP2R3B, PPP2R3C, PPP2R5A, PPP2R5B, PPP2R5C, PPP2R5D, PPP2R5E, PPP3CA, PPP3CB, PPP3CC, PPP3R1, PPP3R2, PPP4C, PPP4R1, PPP4R2, PPP4R3A, PPP4R3B, PPP4R3CP, PPP4R4, PPP5C, PPP5D1, PPP6C, PPP6R1, PPP6R2, PPP6R3, PPRC1, PPT1, PPT2, PPT2-EGFL8, PPTC7, PPWD1, PPY, PQBP1, PQLC1, PQLC2, PQLC2L, PQLC3, PRAC1, PRAC2, PRADC1, PRAF2, PRAG1, PRAM1, PRAME, PRAMEF1, PRAMEF10, PRAMEF11, PRAMEF12, PRAMEF13, PRAMEF14, PRAMEF15, PRAMEF17, PRAMEF18, PRAMEF19, PRAMEF2, PRAMEF20, PRAMEF25, PRAMEF26, PRAMEF27, PRAMEF33, PRAMEF4, PRAMEF5, PRAMEF6, PRAMEF7, PRAMEF8, PRAMEF9, PRAP1, PRB1, PRB2, PRB3, PRB4, PRC1, PRCC, PRCD, PRCP, PRDM1, PRDM10, PRDM11, PRDM12, PRDM13, PRDM14, PRDM15, PRDM16, PRDM2, PRDM4, PRDM5, PRDM6, PRDM7, PRDM8, PRDM9, PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX3, PRDX4, PRDX5, PRDX6, PREB, PRELID1, PRELID2, PRELID3A, PRELID3B, PRELP, PREP, PREPL, PREX1, PREX2, PRF1, PRG2, PRG3, PRG4, PRH1, PRH2, PRICKLE1, PRICKLE2, PRICKLE3, PRICKLE4, PRIM1, PRIM2, PRIMA1, PRIMPOL, PRKAA1, PRKAA2, PRKAB1, PRKAB2, PRKACA, PRKACB, PRKACG, PRKAG1, PRKAG2, PRKAG3, PRKAR1A, PRKAR1B, PRKAR2A, PRKAR2B, PRKCA, PRKCB, PRKCD, PRKCE, PRKCG, PRKCH, PRKCI, PRKCQ, PRKCSH, PRKCZ, PRKD1, PRKD2, PRKD3, PRKDC, PRKG1, PRKG2, PRKN, PRKRA, PRKRIP1, PRKX, PRL, PRLH, PRLHR, PRLR, PRM1, PRM2, PRM3, PRMT1, PRMT2, PRMT3, PRMT5, PRMT6, PRMT7, PRMT8, PRMT9, PRND, PRNP, PRNT, PROB1, PROC, PROCA1, PROCR, PRODH, PRODH2, PROK1, PROK2, PROKR1, PROKR2, PROM1, PROM2, PROP1, PRORY, PROS1, PROSER1, PROSER2, PROSER3, PROX1, PROX2, PROZ, PRPF18, PRPF19, PRPF3, PRPF31, PRPF38A, PRPF38B, PRPF39, PRPF4, PRPF40A, PRPF40B, PRPF4B, PRPF6, PRPF8, PRPH, PRPH2, PRPS1, PRPS1L1, PRPS2, PRPSAP1, PRPSAP2, PRR11, PRR12, PRR13, PRR14, PRR14L, PRR15, PRR15L, PRR16, PRR18, PRR19, PRR20A, PRR20B, PRR20C, PRR20D, PRR20E, PRR21, PRR22, PRR23A, PRR23B, PRR23C, PRR23D1, PRR23D2, PRR25, PRR26, PRR27, PRR29, PRR3, PRR30, PRR32, PRR34, PRR35, PRR36, PRR4, PRR5, PRR5-ARHGAP8, PRR5L, PRR7, PRR9, PRRC1, PRRC2A, PRRC2B, PRRC2C, PRRG1, PRRG2, PRRG3, PRRG4, PRRT1, PRRT2, PRRT3, PRRT4, PRRX1, PRRX2, PRSS1, PRSS12, PRSS16, PRSS2, PRSS21, PRSS22, PRSS23, PRSS27, PRSS3, PRSS33, PRSS35, PRSS36, PRSS37, PRSS38, PRSS41, PRSS42, PRSS45, PRSS46, PRSS48, PRSS50, PRSS51, PRSS53, PRSS54, PRSS55, PRSS56, PRSS57, PRSS58, PRSS8, PRTFDC1, PRTG, PRTN3, PRUNE1, PRUNE2, PRX, PRY, PRY2, PSAP, PSAPLI, PSAT1, PSCA, PSD, PSD2, PSD3, PSD4, PSEN1, PSEN2, PSENEN, PSG1, PSG11, PSG2, PSG3, PSG4, PSG5, PSG6, PSG7, PSG8, PSG9, PSIP1, PSKH1, PSKH2, PSMA1, PSMA2, PSMA3, PSMA4, PSMA5, PSMA6, PSMA7, PSMA8, PSMB1, PSMB10, PSMB11, PSMB2, PSMB3, PSMB4, PSMB5, PSMB6, PSMB7, PSMB8, PSMB9, PSMC1, PSMC2, PSMC3, PSMC3IP, PSMC4, PSMC5, PSMC6, PSMD1, PSMD10, PSMD11, PSMD12, PSMD13, PSMD14, PSMD2, PSMD3, PSMD4, PSMD5, PSMD6, PSMD7, PSMD8, PSMD9, PSME1, PSME2, PSME3, PSME4, PSMF1, PSMG1, PSMG2, PSMG3, PSMG4, PSORS1C1, PSORS1C2, PSPC1, PSPH, PSPN, PSRC1, PSTK, PSTPIP1, PSTPIP2, PTAFR, PTAR1, PTBP1, PTBP2, PTBP3, PTCD1, PTCD2, PTCD3, PTCH1, PTCH2, PTCHD1, PTCHD3, PTCHD4, PTCRA, PTDSS1, PTDSS2, PTEN, PTER, PTF1A, PTGDR, PTGDR2, PTGDS, PTGER1, PTGER2, PTGER3, PTGER4, PTGES, PTGES2, PTGES3, PTGES3L, PTGES3L-AARSD1, PTGFR, PTGFRN, PTGIR, PTGIS, PTGR1, PTGR2, PTGS1, PTGS2, PTH, PTH1R, PTH2, PTH2R, PTHLH, PTK2, PTK2B, PTK6, PTK7, PTMA, PTMS, PTN, PTOV1, PTP4A1, PTP4A2, PTP4A3, PTPA, PTPDC1, PTPMT1, PTPN1, PTPN11, PTPN12, PTPN13, PTPN14, PTPN18, PTPN2, PTPN20, PTPN21, PTPN22, PTPN23, PTPN3, PTPN4, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7, PTPN9, PTPRA, PTPRB, PTPRC, PTPRCAP, PTPRD, PTPRE, PTPRF, PTPRG, PTPRH, PTPRJ, PTPRK, PTPRM, PTPRN, PTPRN2, PTPRO, PTPRQ, PTPRR, PTPRS, PTPRT, PTPRU, PTPRZl, PTRH1, PTRH2, PTRHD1, PTS, PTTG1, PTTG1IP, PTTG2, PTX3, PTX4, PUDP, PUF60, PUM1, PUM2, PUM3, PURA, PURB, PURG, PUS1, PUS10, PUS3, PUS7, PUS7L, PUSL1, PVALB, PVR, PVRIG, PWP1, PWP2, PWWP2A, PWWP2B, PXDC1, PXDN, PXDNL, PXK, PXMP2, PXMP4, PXN, PXT1, PXYLP1, PYCARD, PYCR1, PYCR2, PYCR3, PYDC1, PYDC2, PYGB, PYGL, PYGM, PYGO1, PYGO2, PYHIN1, PYM1, PYROXD1, PYROXD2, PYURF, PYY, PZP, QARS, QDPR, QKI, QPCT, QPCTL, QPRT, QRFP, QRFPR, QRICH1, QRICH2, QRSL1, QSER1, QSOX1, QSOX2, QTRT1, QTRT2, R3HCC1, R3HCC1L, R3HDM1, R3HDM2, R3HDM4, R3HDML, RAB10, RAB11A, RAB11B, RAB11FIP1, RAB11FIP2, RAB11FIP3, RAB11FIP4, RAB11FIP5, RAB12, RAB13, RAB14, RAB15, RAB17, RAB18, RAB19, RAB1A, RAB1B, RAB20, RAB21, RAB22A, RAB23, RAB24, RAB25, RAB26, RAB27A, RAB27B, RAB28, RAB29, RAB2A, RAB2B, RAB30, RAB31, RAB32, RAB33A, RAB33B, RAB34, RAB35, RAB36, RAB37, RAB38, RAB39A, RAB39B, RAB3A, RAB3B, RAB3C, RAB3D, RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, RAB3IL1, RAB3IP, RAB40A, RAB40AL, RAB40B, RAB40C, RAB41, RAB42, RAB43, RAB44, RAB4A, RAB4B, RAB4B-EGLN2, RAB5A, RAB5B, RAB5C, RAB6A, RAB6B, RAB6C, RAB7A, RAB7B, RAB8A, RAB8B, RAB9A, RAB9B, RABAC1, RABEP1, RABEP2, RABEPK, RABGAP1, RABGAP1L, RABGEF1, RABGGTA, RABGGTB, RABIF, RABL2A, RABL2B, RABL3, RABL6, RAC1, RAC2, RAC3, RACGAP1, RACK1, RAD1, RAD17, RAD18, RAD21, RAD21L1, RAD23A, RAD23B, RAD50, RAD51, RAD51AP1, RAD51AP2, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, RAD52, RAD54B, RAD54L, RAD54L2, RAD9A, RAD9B, RADTL, RAE1, RAET1E, RAET1G, RAET1L, RAF1, RAG1, RAG2, RAI1, RAI14, RAI2, RALA, RALB, RALBP1, RALGAPA1, RALGAPA2, RALGAPB, RALGDS, RALGPS1, RALGPS2, RALY, RALYL, RAMP1, RAMP2, RAMP3, RAN, RANBP1, RANBP10, RANBP17, RANBP2, RANBP3, RANBP3L, RANBP6, RANBP9, RANGAP1, RANGRF, RAP1A, RAP1B, RAP1GAP, RAP1GAP2, RAP1GDS1, RAP2A, RAP2B, RAP2C, RAPGEF1, RAPGEF2, RAPGEF3, RAPGEF4, RAPGEF5, RAPGEF6, RAPGEFL1, RAPH1, RAPSN, RARA, RARB, RARG, RARRES1, RARRES2, RARRES3, RARS, RARS2, RASA1, RASA2, RASA3, RASA4, RASA4B, RASAL1, RASAL2, RASAL3, RASD1, RASD2, RASEF, RASGEF1A, RASGEF1B, RASGEF1C, RASGRF1, RASGRF2, RASGRP1, RASGRP2, RASGRP3, RASGRP4, RASIP1, RASL10A, RASL10B, RASL11A, RASL11B, RASL12, RASSF1, RASSF10, RASSF2, RASSF3, RASSF4, RASSF5, RASSF6, RASSF7, RASSF8, RASSF9, RAVER1, RAVER2, RAX, RAX2, RB1, RB1CC1, RBAK, RBAK-RBAKDN, RBBP4, RBBP5, RBBP6, RBBP7, RBBP8, RBBP8NL, RBBP9, RBCK1, RBFA, RBFOX1, RBFOX2, RBFOX3, RBKS, RBL1, RBL2, RBM10, RBM11, RBM12, RBM12B, RBM14, RBM14-RBM4, RBM15, RBM15B, RBM17, RBM18, RBM19, RBM20, RBM22, RBM23, RBM24, RBM25, RBM26, RBM27, RBM28, RBM3, RBM33, RBM34, RBM38, RBM39, RBM4, RBM41, RBM42, RBM43, RBM44, RBM45, RBM46, RBM47, RBM48, RBM4B, RBM5, RBM6, RBM7, RBM8A, RBMS1, RBMS2, RBMS3, RBMX, RBMX2, RBMXL1, RBMXL2, RBMXL3, RBMY1A1, RBMY1B, RBMY1D, RBMY1E, RBMY1F, RBMY1J, RBP1, RBP2, RBP3, RBP4, RBP5, RBP7, RBPJ, RBPJL, RBPMS, RBPMS2, RBSN, RBX1, RC3H1, RC3H2, RCAN1, RCAN2, RCAN3, RCBTB1, RCBTB2, RCC1, RCC1L, RCC2, RCCD1, RCE1, RCHY1, RCL1, RCN1, RCN2, RCN3, RCOR1, RCOR2, RCOR3, RCSD1, RCVRN, RD3, RD3L, RDH10, RDH11, RDH12, RDH13, RDH14, RDH16, RDH5, RDH8, RDM1, RDX, REC114, REC8, RECK, RECQL, RECQL4, RECQL5, REEP1, REEP2, REEP3, REEP4, REEP5, REEP6, REGlA, REG1B, REG3A, REG3G, REG4, REL, RELA, RELB, RELL1, RELL2, RELN, RELT, REM1, REM2, REN, RENBP, REP15, REPIN1, REPS1, REPS2, RER1, RERE, RERG, RERGL, RESP18, REST, RET, RETN, RETNLB, RETREG, RETREG2, RETREG3, RETSAT, REV1, REV3L, REXO1, REXO2, REXO4, REXO5, RFC1, RFC2, RFC3, RFC4, RFC5, RFESD, RFFL, RFK, RFLNA, RFLNB, RFNG, RFPL1, RFPL2, RFPL3, RFPL3S, RFPL4A, RFPL4AL1, RFPL4B, RFT1, RFTN1, RFTN2, RFWD2, RFWD3, RFX1, RFX2, RFX3, RFX4, RFX5, RFX6, RFX7, RFX8, RFXANK, RFXAP, RGCC, RGL1, RGL2, RGL3, RGL4, RGMA, RGMB, RGN, RGP1, RGPD1, RGPD2, RGPD3, RGPD4, RGPD5, RGPD6, RGPD8, RGR, RGS1, RGS10, RGS11, RGS12, RGS13, RGS14, RGS16, RGS17, RGS18, RGS19, RGS2, RGS20, RGS21, RGS22, RGS3, RGS4, RGS5, RGS6, RGS7, RGS7BP, RGS8, RGS9, RGS9BP, RGSL1, RHAG, RHBDD1, RHBDD2, RHBDD3, RHBDF1, RHBDF2, RHBDL1, RHBDL2, RHBDL3, RHBG, RHCE, RHCG, RHD, RHEB, RHEBL1, RHNO1, RHO, RHOA, RHOB, RHOBTB1, RHOBTB2, RHOBTB3, RHOC, RHOD, RHOF, RHOG, RHOH, RHOJ, RHOQ, RHOT1, RHOT2, RHOU, RHOV, RHOXF1, RHOXF2, RHOXF2B, RHPN1, RHPN2, RIBC1, RIBC2, RIC1, RIC3, RIC8A, RIC8B, RICTOR, RIDA, RIF1, RIIAD1, RILP, RILPL1, RILPL2, RIMBP2, RIMBP3, RIMBP3B, RIMBP3C, RIMKLA, RIMKLB, RIMS1, RIMS2, RIMS3, RIMS4, RIN1, RIN2, RIN3, RING1, RINL, RINT1, RIOK1, RIOK2, RIOK3, RIOX1, RIOX2, RIPK1, RIPK2, RIPK3, RIPK4, RIPOR1, RIPOR2, RIPOR3, RIPPLY1, RIPPLY2, RIPPLY3, RIT1, RIT2, RITA1, RLBP1, RLF, RLIM, RLN1, RLN2, RLN3, RMDN1, RMDN2, RMDN3, RMI1, RMI2, RMND1, RMND5A, RMND5B, RNASE1, RNASE10, RNASE11, RNASE12, RNASE13, RNASE2, RNASE3, RNASE4, RNASE6, RNASE7, RNASE8, RNASE9, RNASEH1, RNASEH2A, RNASEH2B, RNASEH2C, RNASEK, RNASEK-C17orf49, RNASEL, RNASET2, RND1, RND2, RND3, RNF10, RNF103, RNF103-CHMP3, RNF11, RNF111, RNF112, RNF113A, RNF113B, RNF114, RNF115, RNF121, RNF122, RNF123, RNF125, RNF126, RNF128, RNF13, RNF130, RNF133, RNF135, RNF138, RNF139, RNF14, RNF141, RNF144A, RNF144B, RNF145, RNF146, RNF148, RNF149, RNF150, RNF151, RNF152, RNF157, RNF165, RNF166, RNF167, RNF168, RNF169, RNF17, RNF170, RNF175, RNF180, RNF181, RNF182, RNF183, RNF185, RNF186, RNF187, RNF19A, RNF19B, RNF2, RNF20, RNF207, RNF208, RNF212, RNF212B, RNF213, RNF214, RNF215, RNF216, RNF217, RNF219, RNF220, RNF222, RNF223, RNF224, RNF225, RNF24, RNF25, RNF26, RNF31, RNF32, RNF34, RNF38, RNF39, RNF4, RNF40, RNF41, RNF43, RNF44, RNF5, RNF6, RNF7, RNF8, RNFT1, RNFT2, RNGTT, RNH1, RNLS, RNMT, RNPC3, RNPEP, RNPEPL1, RNPS1, ROBO1, ROBO2, ROBO3, ROBO4, ROCK1, ROCK2, ROGDI, ROM1, ROMO1, ROPN1, ROPN1B, ROPN1L, ROR1, ROR2, RORA, RORB, RORC, ROS1, RP1, RP1L1, RP2, RP9, RPA1, RPA2, RPA3, RPA4, RPAIN, RPAP1, RPAP2, RPAP3, RPE, RPE65, RPEL1, RPF1, RPF2, RPGR, RPGRIP1, RPGRIP1L, RPH3A, RPH3AL, RPIA, RPL10, RPL10A, RPL10L, RPL11, RPL12, RPL13, RPL13A, RPL14, RPL15, RPL17, RPL17-C18orf32, RPL18, RPL18A, RPL19, RPL21, RPL22, RPL22L1, RPL23, RPL23A, RPL24, RPL26, RPL26L1, RPL27, RPL27A, RPL28, RPL29, RPL3, RPL30, RPL31, RPL32, RPL34, RPL35, RPL35A, RPL36, RPL36A, RPL36A-HNRNPH2, RPL36AL, RPL37, RPL37A, RPL38, RPL39, RPL39L, RPL3L, RPL4, RPL41, RPL5, RPL6, RPL7, RPL7A, RPL7L1, RPL8, RPL9, RPLP0, RPLP1, RPLP2, RPN1, RPN2, RPP14, RPP21, RPP25, RPP25L, RPP30, RPP38, RPP40, RPRD1A, RPRD1B, RPRD2, RPRM, RPRML, RPS10, RPS10-NUDT3, RPS11, RPS12, RPS13, RPS14, RPS15, RPS15A, RPS16, RPS17, RPS18, RPS19, RPS19BP1, RPS2, RPS20, RPS21, RPS23, RPS24, RPS25, RPS26, RPS27, RPS27A, RPS27L, RPS28, RPS29, RPS3, RPS3A, RPS4X, RPS4Y, RPS4Y2, RPS5, RPS6, RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2, RPS6KA3, RPS6KA4, RPS6KA5, RPS6KA6, RPS6KB1, RPS6KB2, RPS6KC1, RPS6KL1, RPS7, RPS8, RPS9, RPSA, RPTN, RPTOR, RPUSD1, RPUSD2, RPUSD3, RPUSD4, RRAD, RRAGA, RRAGB, RRAGC, RRAGD, RRAS, RRAS2, RRBP1, RREB1, RRH, RRM1, RRM2, RRM2B, RRN3, RRNAD1, RRP1, RRP12, RRP15, RRP1B, RRP36, RRP7A, RRP8, RRP9, RRS1, RS1, RSAD1, RSAD2, RSBN1, RSBN1L, RSC1A1, RSF1, RSG1, RSL1D1, RSL24D1, RSPH1, RSPH10B, RSPH10B2, RSPH14, RSPH3, RSPH4A, RSPH6A, RSPH9, RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3, RSPO4, RSPRY1, RSRC1, RSRC2, RSRP1, RSU1, RTBDN, RTCA, RTCB, RTEL1, RTEL1-TNFRSF6B, RTF1, RTFDC1, RTKN, RTKN2, RTL1, RTL10, RTL3, RTL4, RTL5, RTL6, RTL8A, RTL8B, RTL8C, RTL9, RTN1, RTN2, RTN3, RTN4, RTN4IP1, RTN4R, RTN4RL1, RTN4RL2, RTP1, RTP2, RTP3, RTP4, RTP5, RTTN, RUBCN, RUBCNL, RUFY1, RUFY2, RUFY3, RUFY4, RUNDC1, RUNDC3A, RUNDC3B, RUNX1, RUNX1T1, RUNX2, RUNX3, RUSC1, RUSC2, RUVBL1, RUVBL2, RWDD1, RWDD2A, RWDD2B, RWDD3, RWDD4, RXFP1, RXFP2, RXFP3, RXFP4, RXRA, RXRB, RXRG, RYBP, RYK, RYR1, RYR2, RYR3, S100A1, S100A10, S100A11, S100A12, S100A13, S100A14, S100A16, S100A2, S100A3, S100A4, S100A5, S100A6, S100A7, S100A7A, S100A7L2, S100A8, S100A9, S100B, S10G, S100P, S100PBP, S100Z, S1PR1, S1PR2, S1PR3, S1PR4, S1PR5, SAA, SAA2, SAA2-SAA4, SAA4, SAAL1, SAC3D1, SACM1L, SACS, SAE1, SAFB, SAFB2, SAG, SAGE1, SALL1, SALL2, SALL3, SALL4, SAMD1, SAMD10, SAMD11, SAMD12, SAMD13, SAMD14, SAMD15, SAMD3, SAMD4A, SAMD4B, SAMD5, SAMD7, SAMD8, SAMD9, SAMD9L, SAMIHD1, SAMM50, SAMSN1, SAP130, SAP18, SAP25, SAP30, SAP30BP, SAP30L, SAPCD1, SAPCD2, SAR1A, SAR1B, SARAF, SARDH, SARM1, SARNP, SARS, SARS2, SART1, SART3, SASH1, SASH3, SASS6, SAT1, SAT2, SATB1, SATB2, SATL1, SAV1, SAXO1, SAXO2, SAYSD1, SBDS, SBF1, SBF2, SBK1, SBK2, SBK3, SBNO1, SBNO2, SBSN, SBSPON, SC5D, SCAF, SCAF11, SCAF4, SCAF8, SCAI, SCAMP1, SCAMP2, SCAMP3, SCAMP4, SCAMP5, SCAND1, SCAP, SCAPER, SCARA3, SCARA5, SCARB1, SCARB2, SCARF1, SCARF2, SCART1, SCCPDH, SCD, SCD5, SCEL, SCFD1, SCFD2, SCG2, SCG3, SCG5, SCGB1A1, SCGB1C1, SCGB1C2, SCGB1D1, SCGB1D2, SCGB1D4, SCGB2A1, SCGB2A2, SCGB2B2, SCGB3A1, SCGB3A2, SCGN, SCHIP1, SCIMP, SCIN, SCLT1, SCLY, SCMH1, SCML1, SCML2, SCML4, SCN10A, SCN11A, SCN1A, SCN1B, SCN2A, SCN2B, SCN3A, SCN3B, SCN4A, SCN4B, SCN5A, SCN7A, SCN8A, SCN9A, SCNM1, SCNN1A, SCNNB, SCNND, SCNNG, SCO1, SCO2, SCOC, SCP2, SCP2D1, SCPEP1, SCRG1, SCR1B, SCRN1, SCRN2, SCRN3, SCRT1, SCRT2, SCT, SCTR, SCUBE1, SCUBE2, SCUBE3, SCX, SCYL1, SCYL2, SCYL3, SDAD1, SDC1, SDC2, SDC3, SDC4, SDCBP, SDCBP2, SDCCAG3, SDCCAG8, SDE2, SDF2, SDF2L1, SDF4, SDHA, SDHAF1, SDHAF2, SDHAF3, SDHAF4, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SDK1, SDK2, SDR16C5, SDR39U1, SDR42E1, SDR42E2, SDR9C7, SDS, SDSL, SEBOX, SEC11A, SEC11C, SEC13, SEC14L1, SEC14L2, SEC14L3, SEC14L4, SEC14L5, SEC14L6, SEC16A, SEC16B, SEC22A, SEC22B, SEC22C, SEC23A, SEC23B, SEC23IP, SEC24A, SEC24B, SEC24C, SEC24D, SEC31A, SEC31B, SEC61A1, SEC61A2, SEC61B, SEC61G, SEC62, SEC63, SECISBP2, SECISBP2L, SECTM1, SEH1L, SEL1L, SEL1L2, SEL1L3, SELE, SELENBP1, SELENOF, SELENOH, SELENOI, SELENOK, SELENOM, SELENON, SELENOO, SELENOP, SELENOS, SELENOT, SELENOV, SELENOW, SELL, SELP, SELPLG, SEM, SEMA3A, SEMA3B, SEMA3C, SEMA3D, SEMA3E, SEMA3F, SEMA3G, SEMA4A, SEMA4B, SEMA4C, SEMA4D, SEMA4F, SEMA4G, SEMA5A, SEMA5B, SEMA6A, SEMA6B, SEMA6C, SEMA6D, SEMA7A, SEMG1, SEMG2, SENP1, SENP2, SENP3, SENP3-EIF4A1, SENP5, SENP6, SENP7, SENP8, SEPHS1, SEPHS2, SEPSECS, SEPT1, SEPT10, SEPT11, SEPT12, SEPT14, SEPT2, SEPT3, SEPT4, SEPT5, SEPT6, SEPT7, SEPT8, SEPT9, SERAC1, SERBP1, SERF1A, SERF1B, SERF2, SERGEF, SERHL2, SERINC1, SERINC2, SERINC3, SERINC4, SERINC5, SERP1, SERP2, SERPINA1, SERPINA10, SERPINA11, SERPINA12, SERPINA2, SERPINA3, SERPINA4, SERPINA5, SERPINA6, SERPINA7, SERPINA9, SERPINB1, SERPINB10, SERPINB11, SERPINB12, SERPINB13, SERPINB2, SERPINB3, SERPINB4, SERPINB5, SERPINB6, SERPINB7, SERPINB8, SERPINB9, SERPINC1, SERPIND1, SERPINE1, SERPINE2, SERPINE3, SERPINF1, SERPINF2, SERPING1, SERPINH1, SERPINI1, SERPINI2, SERTAD, SERTAD2, SERTAD3, SERTAD4, SERTM1, SESN1, SESN2, SESN3, SESTD1, SET, SETBP1, SETD1A, SETD1B, SETD2, SETD3, SETD4, SETD5, SETD6, SETD7, SETD9, SETDB1, SETDB2, SETMAR, SETSIP, SETX, SEZ6, SEZ6L, SEZ6L2, SF1, SF3A1, SF3A2, SF3A3, SF3B1, SF3B2, SF3B3, SF3B4, SF3B5, SF3B6, SFI1, SFMBT1, SFMBT2, SFN, SFPQ, SFR1, SFRP1, SFRP2, SFRP4, SFRP5, SFSWAP, SFT2D1, SFT2D2, SFT2D3, SFTA2, SFTA3, SFTPA1, SFTPA2, SFTPB, SFTPC, SFTPD, SFXN1, SFXN2, SFXN3, SFXN4, SFXN5, SGCA, SGCB, SGCD, SGCE, SGCG, SGCZ, SGF29, SGIP1, SGK1, SGK2, SGK3, SGK494, SGMS1, SGMS2, SGO1, SGO2, SGPL1, SGPP1, SGPP2, SGSH, SGSM1, SGSM2, SGSM3, SGTA, SGTB, SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3, SH2D1A, SH2D1B, SH2D2A, SH2D3A, SH2D3C, SH2D4A, SH2D4B, SH2D5, SH2D6, SH2D7, SH3BGR, SH3BGRL, SH3BGRL2, SH3BGRL3, SH3BP1, SH3BP2, SH3BP4, SH3BP5, SH3BP5L, SH3D19, SH3D21, SH3GL1, SH3GL2, SH3GL3, SH3GLB1, SH3GLB2, SH3KBP1, SH3PXD2A, SH3PXD2B, SH3RF1, SH3RF2, SH3RF3, SH3TC1, SH3TC2, SH3YL1, SHANK, SHANK2, SHANK3, SHARPIN, SHB, SHBG, SHC1, SHC2, SHC3, SHC4, SHCBP1, SHCBP1L, SHD, SHE, SHF, SHH, SHISA2, SHISA3, SHISA4, SHISA5, SHISA6, SHISA7, SHISA8, SHISA9, SHKBP1, SHMT1, SHMT2, SHOC2, SHOX, SHOX2, SHPK, SHPRH, SHQ1, SHROOM1, SHROOM2, SHROOM3, SHROOM4, SHTN1, SI, SIAE, SIAH1, SIAH2, SIAH3, SIDT1, SIDT2, SIGIRR, SIGLEC, SIGLEC10, SIGLEC11, SIGLEC12, SIGLEC14, SIGLEC15, SIGLEC5, SIGLEC6, SIGLEC7, SIGLEC8, SIGLEC9, SIGLECL1, SIGMAR1, SIK1, SIK2, SIK3, SIKE1, SIL1, SIM1, SIv2, SIMC1, SIN3A, SIN3B, SIPA1, SIPA1L1, SIPA1L2, SIPA1L3, SIRPA, SIRPB1, SIRPB2, SIRPD, SIRPG, SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4, SIRT5, SIRT6, SIRT7, SIT1, SIVA1, SIX1, SIX2, SIX3, SIX4, SIX5, SIX6, SKA1, SKA2, SKA3, SKAP1, SKAP2, SKI, SKIDA1, SKIL, SKIV2L, SKIV2L2, SKOR1, SKOR2, SKP1, SKP2, SLA, SLA2, SLAIN1, SLAIN2, SLAMF1, SLAMF6, SLAMF7, SLAMF8, SLAMF9, SLBP, SLC10A1, SLC10A2, SLC10A3, SLC10A4, SLC10A5, SLC10A6, SLC10A7, SLC11A1, SLC11A2, SLC12A1, SLC12A2, SLC12A3, SLC12A4, SLC12A5, SLC12A6, SLC12A7, SLC12A8, SLC12A9, SLC13A1, SLC13A2, SLC13A3, SLC13A4, SLC13A5, SLC14A1, SLC14A2, SLC15A1, SLC15A2, SLC15A3, SLC15A4, SLC15A5, SLC16A1, SLC16A10, SLC16A11, SLC16A12, SLC16A13, SLC16A14, SLC16A2, SLC16A3, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A7, SLC16A8, SLC16A9, SLC17A1, SLC17A2, SLC17A3, SLC17A4, SLC17A5, SLC17A6, SLC17A7, SLC17A8, SLC17A9, SLC18A1, SLC18A2, SLC18A3, SLC18B1, SLC19A1, SLC19A2, SLC19A3, SLC1A1, SLC1A2, SLC1A3, SLC1A4, SLC1A5, SLC1A6, SLC1A7, SLC20A1, SLC20A2, SLC22A1, SLC22A10, SLC22A11, SLC22A12, SLC22A13, SLC22A14, SLC22A15, SLC22A16, SLC22A17, SLC22A18, SLC22A18AS, SLC22A2, SLC22A23, SLC22A24, SLC22A25, SLC22A3, SLC22A31, SLC22A4, SLC22A5, SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A8, SLC22A9, SLC23A1, SLC23A2, SLC23A3, SLC24A1, SLC24A2, SLC24A3, SLC24A4, SLC24A5, SLC25A1, SLC25A10, SLC25A11, SLC25A12, SLC25A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A15, SLC25A16, SLC25A17, SLC25A18, SLC25A19, SLC25A2, SLC25A20, SLC25A21, SLC25A22, SLC25A23, SLC25A24, SLC25A25, SLC25A26, SLC25A27, SLC25A28, SLC25A29, SLC25A3, SLC25A30, SLC25A31, SLC25A32, SLC25A33, SLC25A34, SLC25A35, SLC25A36, SLC25A37, SLC25A38, SLC25A39, SLC25A4, SLC25A40, SLC25A41, SLC25A42, SLC25A43, SLC25A44, SLC25A45, SLC25A46, SLC25A47, SLC25A48, SLC25A5, SLC25A51, SLC25A52, SLC25A53, SLC25A6, SLC26A1, SLC26A10, SLC26A11, SLC26A2, SLC26A3, SLC26A4, SLC26A5, SLC26A6, SLC26A7, SLC26A8, SLC26A9, SLC27A1, SLC27A2, SLC27A3, SLC27A4, SLC27A5, SLC27A6, SLC28A1, SLC28A2, SLC28A3, SLC29A1, SLC29A2, SLC29A3, SLC29A4, SLC2A1, SLC2A10, SLC2A11, SLC2A12, SLC2A13, SLC2A14, SLC2A2, SLC2A3, SLC2A4, SLC2A4RG, SLC2A5, SLC2A6, SLC2A7, SLC2A8, SLC2A9, SLC30A1, SLC30A10, SLC30A2, SLC30A3, SLC30A4, SLC30A5, SLC30A6, SLC30A7, SLC30A8, SLC30A9, SLC31A1, SLC31A2, SLC32A1, SLC33A1, SLC34A1, SLC34A2, SLC34A3, SLC35A1, SLC35A2, SLC35A3, SLC35A4, SLC35A5, SLC35B1, SLC35B2, SLC35B3, SLC35B4, SLC35C1, SLC35C2, SLC35D1, SLC35D2, SLC35D3, SLC35E1, SLC35E2, SLC35E2B, SLC35E3, SLC35E4, SLC35F1, SLC35F2, SLC35F3, SLC35F4, SLC35F5, SLC35F6, SLC35G1, SLC35G2, SLC35G3, SLC35G4, SLC35G5, SLC35G6, SLC36A1, SLC36A2, SLC36A3, SLC36A4, SLC37A1, SLC37A2, SLC37A3, SLC37A4, SLC38A1, SLC38A10, SLC38A11, SLC38A2, SLC38A3, SLC38A4, SLC38A5, SLC38A6, SLC38A7, SLC38A8, SLC38A9, SLC39A1, SLC39A10, SLC39A11, SLC39A12, SLC39A13, SLC39A14, SLC39A2, SLC39A3, SLC39A4, SLC39A5, SLC39A6, SLC39A7, SLC39A8, SLC39A9, SLC3A1, SLC3A2, SLC40A1, SLC41A1, SLC41A2, SLC41A3, SLC43A1, SLC43A2, SLC43A3, SLC44A1, SLC44A2, SLC44A3, SLC44A4, SLC44A5, SLC45A1, SLC45A2, SLC45A3, SLC45A4, SLC46A1, SLC46A2, SLC46A3, SLC47A1, SLC47A2, SLC48A1, SLC4A1, SLC4A10, SLC4A11, SLC4A1AP, SLC4A2, SLC4A3, SLC4A4, SLC4A5, SLC4A7, SLC4A8, SLC4A9, SLC50A1, SLC51A, SLC51B, SLC52A1, SLC52A2, SLC52A3, SLC5A1, SLC5A10, SLC5A11, SLC5A12, SLC5A2, SLC5A3, SLC5A4, SLC5A5, SLC5A6, SLC5A7, SLC5A8, SLC5A9, SLC6A1, SLC6A11, SLC6A12, SLC6A13, SLC6A14, SLC6A15, SLC6A16, SLC6A17, SLC6A18, SLC6A19, SLC6A2, SLC6A20, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, SLC6A5, SLC6A6, SLC6A7, SLC6A8, SLC6A9, SLC7A1, SLC7A10, SLC7A11, SLC7A13, SLC7A14, SLC7A2, SLC7A3, SLC7A4, SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC7A6OS, SLC7A7, SLC7A8, SLC7A9, SLC8A1, SLC8A2, SLC8A3, SLC8B1, SLC9A1, SLC9A2, SLC9A3, SLC9A3R1, SLC9A3R2, SLC9A4, SLC9A5, SLC9A6, SLC9A7, SLC9A8, SLC9A9, SLC9B1, SLC9B2, SLC9C1, SLC9C2, SLCO1A2, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B7, SLCO1C1, SLCO2A1, SLCO2B1, SLCO3A1, SLCO4A1, SLCO4C1, SLCO5A1, SLCO6A1, SLF1, SLF2, SLFN11, SLFN12, SLFN12L, SLFN13, SLFN14, SLFN5, SLFNL1, SLIRP, SLIT1, SLIT2, SLIT3, SLITRK1, SLITRK2, SLITRK3, SLITRK4, SLITRK5, SLITRK6, SLK, SLMAP, SLN, SLPI, SLTM, SLU7, SLURP1, SLURP2, SLX1A, SLX1B, SLX4, SLX4IP, SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD5, SMAD6, SMAD7, SMAD9, SMAGP, SMAP1, SMAP2, SMARCA1, SMARCA2, SMARCA4, SMARCA5, SMARCAD1, SMARCAL1, SMARCB1, SMARCC1, SMARCC2, SMARCD1, SMARCD2, SMARCD3, SMARCEl, SMC1A, SMC1B, SMC2, SMC3, SMC4, SMC5, SMC6, SMCHD1, SMCO1, SMCO2, SMCO3, SMCO4, SMCP, SMCR8, SMDT1, SMG1, SMG5, SMG6, SMG7, SMG8, SMG9, SMIM1, SMIM10, SMIM10L1, SMIM10L2A, SMIM10L2B, SMIM11A, SMIM11B, SMIM12, SMIM13, SMIM14, SMIM15, SMIM17, SMIM18, SMIM19, SMIM2, SMIM20, SMIM21, SMIM22, SMIM23, SMIM24, SMIM26, SMIM27, SMIM28, SMIM29, SMIM3, SMIM30, SMIM31, SMIM4, SMIM5, SMIM6, SMIM7, SMIM8, SMIM9, SMKR1, SMLR1, SMN1, SMN2, SMNDC, SMO, SMOC1, SMOC2, SMOX, SMPD1, SMPD2, SMPD3, SMPD4, SMPDL3A, SMPDL3B, SMPX, SMR3A, SMR3B, SMS, SMTN, SMTNL1, SMTNL2, SMU1, SMUG1, SMURF1, SMURF2, SMYD1, SMYD2, SMYD3, SMYD4, SMYD5, SNAI1, SNAI2, SNAI3, SNAP23, SNAP25, SNAP29, SNAP47, SNAP91, SNAPC1, SNAPC2, SNAPC3, SNAPC4, SNAPC5, SNAPIN, SNCA, SNCAIP, SNCB, SNCG, SND1, SNED1, SNF8, SNHG28, SNIP1, SNN, SNPH, SNRK, SNRNP200, SNRNP25, SNRNP27, SNRNP35, SNRNP40, SNRNP48, SNRNP70, SNRPA, SNRPA1, SNRPB, SNRPB2, SNRPC, SNRPD1, SNRPD2, SNRPD3, SNRPE, SNRPF, SNRPG, SNRPN, SNTA1, SNTB1, SNTB2, SNTG1, SNTG2, SNTN, SNU13, SNUPN, SNURF, SNW1, SNX1, SNX10, SNX11, SNX12, SNX13, SNX14, SNX15, SNX16, SNX17, SNX18, SNX19, SNX2, SNX20, SNX21, SNX22, SNX24, SNX25, SNX27, SNX29, SNX3, SNX30, SNX31, SNX32, SNX33, SNX4, SNX5, SNX6, SNX7, SNX8, SNX9, SOAT1, SOAT2, SOBP, SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, SOCS4, SOCS5, SOCS6, SOCS7, SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, SOGA1, SOGA3, SOHLH1, SOHLH2, SON, SORBS1, SORBS2, SORBS3, SORCS1, SORCS2, SORCS3, SORD, SORL1, SORT1, SOS1, SOS2, SOST, SOSTDC1, SOWAHA, SOWAHB, SOWAHC, SOWAHD, SOX1, SOX10, SOX11, SOX12, SOX13, SOX14, SOX15, SOX17, SOX18, SOX2, SOX21, SOX3, SOX30, SOX4, SOX5, SOX6, SOX7, SOX8, SOX9, SP1, SP100, SP110, SP140, SP140L, SP2, SP3, SP4, SP5, SP6, SP7, SP8, SP9, SPA17, SPAAR, SPACA1, SPACA3, SPACA4, SPACA5, SPACA5B, SPACA6, SPACA7, SPACA9, SPAG1, SPAGIA, SPAGIIB, SPAG16, SPAG17, SPAG4, SPAG5, SPAG6, SPAG7, SPAG8, SPAG9, SPAM1, SPANXA1, SPANXA2, SPANXB1, SPANXC, SPANXD, SPANXN1, SPANXN2, SPANXN3, SPANXN4, SPANXN5, SPARC, SPARCL1, SPART, SPAST, SPATA1, SPATA12, SPATA13, SPATA16, SPATA17, SPATA18, SPATA19, SPATA2, SPATA20, SPATA21, SPATA22, SPATA24, SPATA25, SPATA2L, SPATA3, SPATA31A1, SPATA31A3, SPATA3lA5, SPATA31A6, SPATA31A7, SPATA3ID1, SPATA31D3, SPATA31D4, SPATA31E1, SPATA32, SPATA33, SPATA4, SPATA45, SPATA46, SPATA5, SPATA5L1, SPATA6, SPATA6L, SPATA7, SPATA8, SPATA9, SPATC1, SPATC1L, SPATS1, SPATS2, SPATS2L, SPC24, SPC25, SPCS1, SPCS2, SPCS3, SPDEF, SPDL1, SPDYA, SPDYC, SPDYE1, SPDYE16, SPDYE2, SPDYE2B, SPDYE3, SPDYE4, SPDYE5, SPDYE6, SPECC1, SPECC1L, SPECC1L-ADORA2A, SPEF1, SPEF2, SPEG, SPEM1, SPEN, SPERT, SPESP1, SPG11, SPG21, SPG7, SPHAR, SPHK1, SPHK2, SPHKAP, SPI1, SPIB, SPIC, SPICE1, SPIDR, SPIN1, SPIN2A, SPIN2B, SPIN3, SPIN4, SPINK1, SPINK13, SPINK14, SPINK2, SPINK4, SPINK5, SPINK6, SPINK7, SPINK8, SPINK9, SPINT1, SPINT2, SPINT3, SPINT4, SPIRE1, SPIRE2, SPN, SPNS1, SPNS2, SPNS3, SPO11, SPOCD1, SPOCK1, SPOCK2, SPOCK3, SPON1, SPON2, SPOP, SPOPL, SPOUT1, SPP1, SPP2, SPPL2A, SPPL2B, SPPL2C, SPPL3, SPR, SPRED1, SPRED2, SPRED3, SPRN, SPRR1A, SPRRB, SPRR2A, SPRR2B, SPRR2D, SPRR2E, SPRR2F, SPRR2G, SPRR3, SPRR4, SPRR5, SPRTN, SPRY1, SPRY2, SPRY3, SPRY4, SPRYD3, SPRYD4, SPRYD7, SPSB1, SPSB2, SPSB3, SPSB4, SPTA1, SPTAN1, SPTB, SPTBN1, SPTBN2, SPTBN4, SPTBN5, SPTLC1, SPTLC2, SPTLC3, SPTSSA, SPTSSB, SPTY2D1, SPTY2D1-AS1, SPX, SPZ1, SQLE, SQOR, SQSTM1, SRA1, SRBD1, SRC, SRCAP, SRCIN1, SRD5A1, SRD5A2, SRD5A3, SREBF1, SREBF2, SREK1, SREK1IP1, SRF, SRFBP1, SRGAP1, SRGAP2, SRGAP2B, SRGAP2C, SRGAP3, SRGN, SRI, SRL, SRM, SRMS, SRP14, SRP19, SRP54, SRP68, SRP72, SRP9, SRPK1, SRPK2, SRPK3, SRPRA, SRPRB, SRPX, SRPX2, SRR, SRRD, SRRM1, SRRM2, SRRM3, SRRM4, SRRM5, SRRT, SRSF1, SRSF10, SRSF11, SRSF12, SRSF2, SRSF3, SRSF4, SRSF5, SRSF6, SRSF7, SRSF8, SRSF9, SRXN1, SRY, SS18, SS18L1, SS18L2, SSB, SSBP1, SSBP2, SSBP3, SSBP4, SSC4D, SSC5D, SSFA2, SSH1, SSH2, SSH3, SSMEM1, SSNA1, SSPN, SSPO, SSR1, SSR2, SSR3, SSR4, SSRP1, SSSCA1, SST, SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR4, SSTR5, SSU72, SSU72P8, SSUH2, SSX1, SSX2, SSX2B, SSX2IP, SSX3, SSX4, SSX4B, SSX5, SSX7, ST13, ST14, ST18, ST20, ST20-MTHFS, ST3GAL1, ST3GAL2, ST3GAL3, ST3GAL4, ST3GAL5, ST3GAL6, ST5, ST6GAL1, ST6GAL2, ST6GALNAC1, ST6GALNAC2, ST6GALNAC3, ST6GALNAC4, ST6GALNAC5, ST6GALNAC6, ST7, ST7L, ST8SIA1, ST8SIA2, ST8SIA3, ST8SIA4, ST8SIA5, ST8SIA6, STAB1, STAB2, STAC, STAC2, STAC3, STAG1, STAG2, STAG3, STAM, STAM2, STAMBP, STAMBPL1, STAP1, STAP2, STAR, STARD10, STARD13, STARD3, STARD3NL, STARD4, STARD5, STARD6, STARD7, STARD8, STARD9, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B, STAT6, STATH, STAU1, STAU2, STBD1, STC1, STC2, STEAP1, STEAP1B, STEAP2, STEAP3, STEAP4, STH, STIL, STIM1, STIM2, STIP1, STK10, STK11, STK11IP, STK16, STK17A, STK17B, STK19, STK24, STK25, STK26, STK3, STK31, STK32A, STK32B, STK32C, STK33, STK35, STK36, STK38, STK38L, STK39, STK4, STK40, STKLD1, STMN1, STMN2, STMN3, STMN4, STMND1, STN1, STOM, STOML1, STOML2, STOML3, STON1, STON1-GTF2A1L, STON2, STOX1, STOX2, STPG1, STPG2, STPG3, STPG4, STRA6, STRA8, STRADA, STRADB, STRAP, STRBP, STRC, STRIP1, STRIP2, STRN, STRN3, STRN4, STS, STT3A, STT3B, STUB1, STUM, STX10, STX11, STX12, STX16, STX16-NPEPL1, STX17, STX18, STX19, STX1A, STX1B, STX2, STX3, STX4, STX5, STX6, STX7, STX8, STXBP1, STXBP2, STXBP3, STXBP4, STXBP5, STXBP5L, STXBP6, STYK1, STYX, STYXL1, SUB1, SUCLA2, SUCLG1, SUCLG2, SUCNR1, SUCO, SUDS3, SUFU, SUGCT, SUGP1, SUGP2, SUGT1, SULF1, SULF2, SULTIA1, SULT1A2, SULT1A3, SULT1A4, SULTIB1, SULT1C2, SULT1C3, SULT1C4, SULTIE1, SULT2A1, SULT2B1, SULT4A1, SULT6B1, SUMF1, SUMF2, SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, SUMO4, SUN1, SUN2, SUN3, SUN5, SUOX, SUPT16H, SUPT20H, SUPT3H, SUPT4H1, SUPT5H, SUPT6H, SUPT7L, SUPV3L1, SURF1, SURF2, SURF4, SURF6, SUSD1, SUSD2, SUSD3, SUSD4, SUSD5, SUSD6, SUV39H1, SUV39H2, SUZ12, SV2A, SV2B, SV2C, SVBP, SVEP1, SVIL, SVIP, SVOP, SVOPL, SWAP70, SWI5, SWSAP1, SWT1, SYAP1, SYBU, SYCE1, SYCE1L, SYCE2, SYCE3, SYCN, SYCP1, SYCP2, SYCP2L, SYCP3, SYDE1, SYDE2, SYF2, SYK, SYMPK, SYN1, SYN2, SYN3, SYNC, SYNCRIP, SYNDIG1, SYNDIG1L, SYNE1, SYNE2, SYNE3, SYNE4, SYNGAP1, SYNGR1, SYNGR2, SYNGR3, SYNGR4, SYNJ1, SYNJ2, SYNJ2BP, SYNJ2BP-COX16, SYNM, SYNPO, SYNPO2, SYNPO2L, SYNPR, SYNRG, SYP, SYPL1, SYPL2, SYS1, SYS1-DBNDD2, SYT1, SYT10, SYT11, SYT12, SYT13, SYT14, SYT15, SYT16, SYT17, SYT2, SYT3, SYT4, SYT5, SYT6, SYT7, SYT8, SYT9, SYTL1, SYTL2, SYTL3, SYTL4, SYTL5, SYVN1, SZRD1, SZT2, T, TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, TAAR9, TAB1, TAB2, TAB3, TAC1, TAC3, TAC4, TACC1, TACC2, TACC3, TACO1, TACR1, TACR2, TACR3, TACSTD2, TADA1, TADA2A, TADA2B, TADA3, TAF1, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12, TAF13, TAF15, TAF1A, TAF1B, TAF1C, TAF1D, TAF1L, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF4B, TAF5, TAF5L, TAF6, TAF6L, TAF7, TAF7L, TAF8, TAF9, TAF9B, TAGAP, TAGLN, TAGLN2, TAGLN3, TAL1, TAL2, TALDO1, TAMM41, TANC1, TANC2, TANGO2, TANGO6, TANK, TAOK1, TAOK2, TAOK3, TAP1, TAP2, TAPBP, TAPBPL, TAPT1, TARBP1, TARBP2, TARDBP, TARM1, TARS, TARS2, TARSL2, TAS1R1, TAS1R2, TAS1R3, TAS2R1, TAS2R10, TAS2R13, TAS2R14, TAS2R16, TAS2R19, TAS2R20, TAS2R3, TAS2R30, TAS2R31, TAS2R38, TAS2R39, TAS2R4, TAS2R40, TAS2R41, TAS2R42, TAS2R43, TAS2R46, TAS2R5, TAS2R50, TAS2R60, TAS2R7, TAS2R8, TAS2R9, TASP1, TAT, TATDN1, TATDN2, TATDN3, TAX1BP1, TAX1BP3, TAZ, TBATA, TBC1D1, TBC1D10A, TBC1D10B, TBC1D10C, TBC1D12, TBC1D13, TBC1D14, TBC1D15, TBC1D16, TBC1D17, TBC1D19, TBC1D2, TBC1D20, TBC1D21, TBC1D22A, TBC1D22B, TBC1D23, TBC1D24, TBC1D25, TBC1D26, TBC1D28, TBC1D29, TBC1D2B, TBC1D3, TBC1D30, TBC1D31, TBC1D32, TBC1D3B, TBC1D3C, TBC1D3D, TBC1D3E, TBC1D3F, TBC1D3G, TBC1D3H, TBC1D3I, TBC1D3K, TBC1D3L, TBC1D4, TBC1D5, TBC1D7, TBC1D8, TBC1D8B, TBC1D9, TBC1D9B, TBCA, TBCB, TBCC, TBCCD1, TBCD, TBCE, TBCEL, TBCK, TBK1, TBKBP1, TBL1X, TBL1XR1, TBL1Y, TBL2, TBL3, TBP, TBPL1, TBPL2, TBR1, TBRG1, TBRG4, TBX1, TBX10, TBX15, TBX18, TBX19, TBX2, TBX20, TBX21, TBX22, TBX3, TBX4, TBX5, TBX6, TBXA2R, TBXAS1, TC2N, TCAF1, TCAF2, TCAIM, TCAP, TCEA1, TCEA2, TCEA3, TCEAL1, TCEAL2, TCEAL3, TCEAL4, TCEAL5, TCEAL6, TCEAL7, TCEAL8, TCEAL9, TCEANC, TCEANC2, TCERG1, TCERG1L, TCF12, TCF15, TCF19, TCF20, TCF21, TCF23, TCF24, TCF25, TCF3, TCF4, TCF7, TCF7L1, TCF7L2, TCFL5, TCHH, TCHHL1, TCHP, TCIRG1, TCL1A, TCL1B, TCN1, TCN2, TCOF1, TCP1, TCP10, TCP10L, TCP10L2, TCP11, TCP11L1, TCP11L2, TCP11X2, TCTA, TCTE1, TCTE3, TCTEX1D1, TCTEX1D2, TCTEX1D4, TCTN1, TCTN2, TCTN3, TDG, TDGF1, TDO2, TDP1, TDP2, TDRD1, TDRD10, TDRD12, TDRD15, TDRD3, TDRD5, TDRD6, TDRD7, TDRD9, TDRKH, TDRP, TEAD1, TEAD2, TEAD3, TEAD4, TEC, TECPR1, TECPR2, TECR, TECRL, TECTA, TECTB, TEDDM1, TEF, TEFM, TEK, TEKT1, TEKT2, TEKT3, TEKT4, TEKT5, TELO2, TEN1, TEN1-CDK3, TENM1, TENM2, TENM3, TENM4, TEP1, TEPP, TEPSIN, TERB1, TERB2, TERF1, TERF2, TERF2IP, TERT, TES, TESC, TESK1, TESK2, TESMIN, TESPA1, TET1, TET2, TET3, TEX10, TEX101, TEX11, TEX12, TEX13A, TEX13B, TEX13C, TEX13D, TEX14, TEX15, TEX19, TEX2, TEX22, TEX26, TEX261, TEX264, TEX28, TEX29, TEX30, TEX33, TEX35, TEX36, TEX37, TEX38, TEX43, TEX44, TEX45, TEX46, TEX47, TEX48, TEX49, TEX50, TEX51, TEX9, TF, TFAM, TFAP2A, TFAP2B, TFAP2C, TFAP2D, TFAP2E, TFAP4, TFB1M, TFB2M, TFCP2, TFCP2L1, TFDP1, TFDP2, TFDP3, TFE3, TFEB, TFEC, TFF1, TFF2, TFF3, TFG, TFIP11, TFPI, TFPI2, TFPT, TFR2, TFRC, TG, TGDS, TGFA, TGFB1, TGFBII1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBI, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3, TGFBR3L, TGFBRAP1, TGIF1, TGIF2, TGIF2-C20orf24, TGIF2LX, TGIF2LY, TGM1, TGM2, TGM3, TGM4, TGM5, TGM6, TGM7, TGOLN2, TGS1, TH, THADA, THAP1, THAP10, THAP11, THAP12, THAP2, THAP3, THAP4, THAP5, THAP6, THAP7, THAP8, THAP9, THBD, THBS1, THBS2, THBS3, THBS4, THEG, THEGL, THEM4, THEM5, THEM6, THEMIS, THEMIS2, THG1L, THNSL1, THNSL2, THOC1, THOC2, THOC3, THOC5, THOC6, THOC7, THOP1, THPO, THRA, THRAP3, THRB, THRSP, THSD1, THSD4, THSD7A, THSD7B, THTPA, THUMPD1, THUMPD2, THUMPD3, THY1, THYN1, TIA1, TIAF1, TIAL1, TIAM1, TIAM2, TICAM1, TICAM2, TICRR, TIE1, TIFA, TIFAB, TIGAR, TIGD1, TIGD2, TIGD3, TIGD4, TIGD5, TIGD6, TIGD7, TIGIT, TIMD4, TIMELESS, TIMM10, TIMM10B, TIMM13, TIMM17A, TIMM17B, TIMM21, TIMM22, TIMM23, TIMM23B, TIMM29, TIMM44, TIMM50, TIMM8A, TIMM8B, TIMM9, TIMMDC1, TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3, TIMP4, TINAG, TINAGL1, TINCR, TINF2, TIPARP, TIPIN, TIPRL, TRAP, TISP43, TJAP1, TJP1, TJP2, TJP3, TK1, TK2, TKFC, TKT, TKTL1, TKTL2, TLCD1, TLCD2, TLDC1, TLDC2, TLE1, TLE2, TLE3, TLE4, TLE6, TLK1, TLK2, TLL1, TLL2, TLN1, TLN2, TLNRD1, TLR1, TLR10, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLX1, TLX2, TLX3, TM2D1, TM2D2, TM2D3, TM4SF1, TM4SF18, TM4SF19, TM4SF19-TCTEX1D2, TM4SF20, TM4SF4, TM4SF5, TM6SF1, TM6SF2, TM7SF2, TM7SF3, TM9SF1, TM9SF2, TM9SF3, TM9SF4, TMA16, TMA7, TMBIM1, TMBIM4, TMBIM6, TMC1, TMC2, TMC3, TMC4, TMC5, TMC6, TMC7, TMC8, TMCC1, TMCC2, TMCC3, TMCO1, TMCO2, TMCO3, TMCO4, TMCO5A, TMCO6, TMED1, TMED10, TMED2, TMED3, TMED4, TMED5, TMED6, TMED7, TMED7-TICAM2, TMED8, TMED9, TMEFF1, TMEFF2, TMEM100, TMEM101, TMEM102, TMEM104, TMEM105, TMEM106A, TMEM106B, TMEM106C, TMEM107, TMEM108, TMEM109, TMEM11, TMEM110, TMEM110-MUSTN1, TMEM114, TMEM115, TMEM116, TMEM117, TMEM119, TMEM120A, TMEM120B, TMEM121, TMEM121B, TMEM123, TMEM125, TMEM126A, TMEM126B, TMEM127, TMEM128, TMEM129, TMEM130, TMEM131, TMEM131L, TMEM132A, TMEM132B, TMEM132C, TMEM132D, TMEM132E, TMEM133, TMEM134, TMEM135, TMEM136, TMEM138, TMEM139, TMEM140, TMEM141, TMEM143, TMEM144, TMEM145, TMEM147, TMEM14A, TMEM14B, TMEM14C, TMEM150A, TMEM150B, TMEM150C, TMEM151A, TMEM151B, TMEM154, TMEM155, TMEM156, TMEM158, TMEM159, TMEM160, TMEM161A, TMEM161B, TMEM163, TMEM164, TMEM165, TMEM167A, TMEM167B, TMEM168, TMEM169, TMEM17, TMEM170A, TMEM170B, TMEM171, TMEM173, TMEM174, TMEM175, TMEM176A, TMEM176B, TMEM177, TMEM178A, TMEM178B, TMEM179, TMEM179B, TMEM18, TMEM181, TMEM182, TMEM183A, TMEM184A, TMEM184B, TMEM184C, TMEM185A, TMEM185B, TMEM186, TMEM187, TMEM189, TMEM189-UBE2V1, TMEM19, TMEM190, TMEM191B, TMEM191C, TMEM192, TMEM196, TMEM198, TMEM199, TMEM2, TMEM200A, TMEM200B, TMEM200C, TMEM201, TMEM202, TMEM203, TMEM204, TMEM205, TMEM206, TMEM207, TMEM208, TMEM209, TMEM210, TMEM211, TMEM212, TMEM213, TMEM214, TMEM215, TMEM216, TMEM217, TMEM218, TMEM219, TMEM220, TMEM221, TMEM222, TMEM223, TMEM225, TMEM225B, TMEM229A, TMEM229B, TMEM230, TMEM231, TMEM232, TMEM233, TMEM234, TMEM235, TMEM236, TMEM237, TMEM238, TMEM239, TMEM240, TMEM241, TMEM242, TMEM243, TMEM244, TMEM245, TMEM246, TMEM247, TMEM248, TMEM249, TMEM25, TMEM250, TMEM251, TMEM252, TMEM253, TMEM254, TMEM255A, TMEM255B, TMEM256, TMEM256-PLSCR3, TMEM257, TMEM258, TMEM259, TMEM26, TMEM260, TMEM262, TMEM263, TMEM265, TMEM266, TMEM267, TMEM268, TMEM269, TMEM27, TMEM270, TMEM30A, TMEM30B, TMEM31, TMEM33, TMEM35A, TMEM35B, TMEM37, TMEM38A, TMEM38B, TMEM39A, TMEM39B, TMEM40, TMEM41A, TMEM41B, TMEM42, TMEM43, TMEM44, TMEM45A, TMEM45B, TMEM47, TMEM5, TMEM50A, TMEM50B, TMEM51, TMEM52, TMEM52B, TMEM53, TMEM54, TMEM55A, TMEM55B, TMEM56, TMEM56-RWDD3, TMEM57, TMEM59, TMEM59L, TMEM60, TMEM61, TMEM62, TMEM63A, TMEM63B, TMEM63C, TMEM64, TMEM65, TMEM67, TMEM68, TMEM69, TMEM70, TMEM71, TMEM72, TMEM74, TMEM74B, TMEM78, TMEM79, TMEM80, TMEM81, TMEM82, TMEM86A, TMEM86B, TMEM87A, TMEM87B, TMEM88, TMEM88B, TMEM89, TMEM8A, TMEM8B, TMEM9, TMEM91, TMEM92, TMEM94, TMEM95, TMEM97, TMEM98, TMEM99, TMEM9B, TMF1, TMIE, TMIGD1, TMIGD2, TMIGD3, TMLHE, TMOD1, TMOD2, TMOD3, TMOD4, TMPO, TMPPE, TMPRSS11A, TMPRSS11B, TMPRSS11D, TMPRSS11E, TMPRSS11F, TMPRSS12, TMPRSS13, TMPRSS15, TMPRSS2, TMPRSS3, TMPRSS4, TMPRSS4-AS1, TMPRSS5, TMPRSS6, TMPRSS7, TMPRSS9, TMSB10, TMSB15A, TMSB15B, TMSB4X, TMSB4Y, TMTC1, TMTC2, TMTC3, TMTC4, TMUB1, TMUB2, TMX1, TMX2, TMX2-CTNND1, TMX3, TMX4, TNC, TNF, TNFAIP1, TNFAIP2, TNFAIP3, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP8, TNFAIP8L1, TNFAIP8L2, TNFAIP8L3, TNFRSF10A, TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF10C, TNFRSF10D, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF11B, TNFRSF12A, TNFRSF13B, TNFRSF13C, TNFRSF14, TNFRSF17, TNFRSF18, TNFRSF19, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, TNFRSF21, TNFRSF25, TNFRSF4, TNFRSF6B, TNFRSF8, TNFRSF9, TNFSF10, TNFSF11, TNFSF12, TNFSF12-TNFSF13, TNFSF13, TNFSF13B, TNFSF14, TNFSF15, TNFSF18, TNFSF4, TNFSF8, TNFSF9, TNIK, TNIP1, TNIP2, TNIP3, TNK1, TNK2, TNKS, TNKS1BP1, TNKS2, TNMD, TNN, TNNC1, TNNC2, TNNI1, TNNI2, TNNI3, TNNI3K, TNNT1, TNNT2, TNNT3, TNP1, TNP2, TNPO1, TNPO2, TNPO3, TNR, TNRC18, TNRC6A, TNRC6B, TNRC6C, TNS1, TNS2, TNS3, TNS4, TNXB, TOB1, TOB2, TOE1, TOGARAM1, TOGARAM2, TOLLIP, TOM1, TOM1L1, TOM1L2, TOMM20, TOMM20L, TOMM22, TOMM34, TOMM40, TOMM40L, TOMM5, TOMM6, TOMM7, TOMM70, TONSL, TOP1, TOP1MT, TOP2A, TOP2B, TOP3A, TOP3B, TOPAZ1, TOPBP1, TOPORS, TOR1A, TOR1AIP1, TOR1AIP2, TOR1B, TOR2A, TOR3A, TOR4A, TOX, TOX2, TOX3, TOX4, TP53, TP53AIP1, TP53BP1, TP53BP2, TP5311, TP53I13, TP53I3, TP53INP1, TP53INP2, TP53RK, TP53TG3, TP53TG3B, TP53TG3C, TP53TG3D, TP53TG3E, TP53TG3F, TP53TG5, TP63, TP73, TPBG, TPBGL, TPCN1, TPCN2, TPD52, TPD52L1, TPD52L2, TPD52L3, TPGS1, TPGS2, TPH1, TPH2, TPI1, TPK1, TPM1, TPM2, TPM3, TPM4, TPMT, TPO, TPP1, TPP2, TPPP, TPPP2, TPPP3, TPR, TPRA1, TPRG1, TPRG1L, TPRKB, TPRN, TPRX1, TPSAB1, TPSB2, TPSD1, TPSG1, TPST1, TPST2, TPT1, TPTE, TPTE2, TPX2, TRA2A, TRA2B, TRABD, TRABD2A, TRABD2B, TRAC, TRADD, TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF3IP1, TRAF3IP2, TRAF3IP3, TRAF4, TRAF5, TRAF6, TRAF7, TRAFD1, TRAIP, TRAJ1, TRAJ10, TRAJ11, TRAJ12, TRAJ13, TRAJ14, TRAJ16, TRAJ17, TRAJ18, TRAJ19, TRAJ2, TRAJ20, TRAJ21, TRAJ22, TRAJ23, TRAJ24, TRAJ25, TRAJ26, TRAJ27, TRAJ28, TRAJ29, TRAJ3, TRAJ30, TRAJ31, TRAJ32, TRAJ33, TRAJ34, TRAJ35, TRAJ36, TRAJ37, TRAJ38, TRAJ39, TRAJ4, TRAJ40, TRAJ41, TRAJ42, TRAJ43, TRAJ44, TRAJ45, TRAJ46, TRAJ47, TRAJ48, TRAJ49, TRAJ5, TRAJ50, TRAJ52, TRAJ53, TRAJ54, TRAJ56, TRAJ57, TRAJ58, TRAJ59, TRAJ6, TRAJ61, TRAJ7, TRAJ9, TRAK1, TRAK2, TRAM1, TRAM11, TRAM2, TRANK1, TRAP1, TRAPPC1, TRAPPC10, TRAPPC11, TRAPPC12, TRAPPC13, TRAPPC2, TRAPPC2L, TRAPPC3, TRAPPC3L, TRAPPC4, TRAPPC5, TRAPPC6A, TRAPPC6B, TRAPPC8, TRAPPC9, TRAT1, TRAV10, TRAV1-1, TRAV1-2, TRAV12-1, TRAV12-2, TRAV12-3, TRAV13-1, TRAV13-2, TRAV14DV4, TRAV16, TRAV17, TRAV18, TRAV19, TRAV2, TRAV20, TRAV21, TRAV22, TRAV23DV6, TRAV24, TRAV25, TRAV26-1, TRAV26-2, TRAV27, TRAV29DV5, TRAV3, TRAV30, TRAV34, TRAV36DV7, TRAV38-1, TRAV38-2DV8, TRAV39, TRAV4, TRAV40, TRAV41, TRAV5, TRAV6, TRAV7, TRAV8-1, TRAV8-2, TRAV8-3, TRAV8-4, TRAV8-6, TRAV8-7, TRAV9-1, TRAV9-2, TRBC2, TRBJ2-1, TRBJ2-2, TRBJ2-2P, TRBJ2-3, TRBJ2-4, TRBJ2-5, TRBJ2-6, TRBJ2-7, TRBV10-1, TRBV10-2, TRBV10-3, TRBV11-1, TRBV19, TRBV2, TRBV20-1, TRBV200R9-2, TRBV21OR9-2, TRBV23-1, TRBV230R9-2, TRBV24-1, TRBV25-1, TRBV27, TRBV28, TRBV29-1, TRBV30, TRBV3-1, TRBV4-1, TRBV4-2, TRBV5-1, TRBV5-3, TRBV5-4, TRBV5-5, TRBV5-6, TRBV5-7, TRBV6-1, TRBV6-4, TRBV6-5, TRBV6-6, TRBV6-7, TRBV6-8, TRBV7-1, TRBV7-3, TRBV7-4, TRBV7-6, TRBV7-7, TRBV7-9, TRBV9, TRDC, TRDD1, TRDD2, TRDD3, TRDJ1, TRDJ2, TRDJ3, TRDJ4, TRDMT1, TRDN, TRDV1, TRDV2, TRDV3, TREH, TREM1, TREM2, TREML1, TREML2, TREML4, TRERF1, TREX1, TREX2, TRGC1, TRGC2, TRGJ1, TRGJ2, TRGJP, TRGJP1, TRGJP2, TRGV1, TRGV10, TRGV11, TRGV2, TRGV3, TRGV4, TRGV5, TRGV8, TRGV9, TRH, TRHDE, TRHR, TRIAP1, TRIB1, TRIB2, TRIB3, TRIL, TRIM10, TRIM1, TRIM13, TRIM14, TRIM15, TRIM16, TRIM16L, TRIM17, TRIM2, TRIM21, TRIM22, TRIM23, TRIM24, TRIM25, TRIM26, TRIM27, TRIM28, TRIM29, TRIM3, TRIM31, TRIM32, TRIM33, TRIM34, TRIM35, TRIM36, TRIM37, TRIM38, TRIM39, TRIM39-RPP21, TRIM4, TRIM40, TRIM41, TRIM42, TRIM43, TRIM43B, TRIM44, TRIM45, TRIM46, TRIM47, TRIM48, TRIM49, TRIM49B, TRIM49C, TRIM49D1, TRIM49D2, TRIM5, TRIM50, TRIM51, TRIM52, TRIM54, TRIM55, TRIM56, TRIM58, TRIM59, TRM6, TRIM60, TRIM61, TRIM62, TRIM63, TRIM64, TRIM64B, TRIM64C, TRIM65, TRIM66, TRIM67, TRIM68, TRIM69, TRIM6-TRIM34, TRIM7, TRIM71, TRIM72, TRIM73, TRIM74, TRIM75P, TRIM77, TRIM8, TRIM9, TRML1, TRIML2, TRIO, TRIOBP, TRIP10, TRIP11, TRIP12, TRIP13, TRIP4, TRIP6, TRIQK, TRIR, TRIT1, TRMO, TRMT1, TRMT10A, TRMT10B, TRMT10C, TRMT11, TRMT112, TRMT12, TRMT13, TRMT1L, TRMT2A, TRMT2B, TRMT44, TRMT5, TRMT6, TRMT61A, TRMT61B, TRMU, TRNAU1AP, TRNP1, TRNT1, TRO, TROAP, TROVE2, TRPA1, TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, TRPC4AP, TRPC5, TRPC50S, TRPC6, TRPC7, TRPM1, TRPM2, TRPM3, TRPM4, TRPM5, TRPM6, TRPM7, TRPM8, TRPS1, TRPT1, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPV5, TRPV6, TRRAP, TRUB1, TRUB2, TSACC, TSC1, TSC2, TSC22D1, TSC22D2, TSC22D3, TSC22D4, TSEN15, TSEN2, TSEN34, TSEN54, TSFM, TSG101, TSGA10, TSGA10P, TSGA13, TSHB, TSHR, TSHZ1, TSHZ2, TSHZ3, TSKS, TSKU, TSLP, TSN, TSNARE1, TSNAX, TSNAX-DISC1, TSNAXIP1, TSPAN1, TSPAN10, TSPAN11, TSPAN12, TSPAN13, TSPAN14, TSPAN15, TSPAN16, TSPAN17, TSPAN18, TSPAN19, TSPAN2, TSPAN3, TSPAN31, TSPAN32, TSPAN33, TSPAN4, TSPAN5, TSPAN6, TSPAN7, TSPAN8, TSPAN9, TSPEAR, TSPO, TSPO2, TSPOAP1, TSPY1, TSPY10, TSPY2, TSPY3, TSPY4, TSPY8, TSPYL1, TSPYL2, TSPYL4, TSPYL5, TSPYL6, TSR1, TSR2, TSR3, TSSC4, TSSKlB, TSSK2, TSSK3, TSSK4, TSSK6, TST, TSTA3, TSTD1, TSTD2, TSTD3, TTBK1, TTBK2, TTC1, TTC12, TTC13, TTC14, TTC16, TTC17, TTC19, TTC21A, TTC21B, TTC22, TTC23, TTC23L, TTC24, TTC25, TTC26, TTC27, TTC28, TTC29, TTC3, TTC30A, TTC30B, TTC31, TTC32, TTC33, TTC34, TTC36, TTC37, TTC38, TTC39A, TTC39B, TTC39C, TTC4, TTC5, TTC6, TTC7A, TTC7B, TTC8, TTC9, TTC9B, TTC9C, TTF1, TTF2, TTI1, TTI2, TTK, TTL, TTLL1, TTLL10, TTLL11, TTLL12, TTLL13P, TTLL2, TTLL3, TTLL4, TTLL5, TTLL6, TTLL7, TTLL8, TTLL9, TTN, TTPA, TTPAL, TTR, TTYH1, TTYH2, TTYH3, TUB, TUBA1A, TUBAIB, TUBAIC, TUBA3C, TUBA3D, TUBA3E, TUBA4A, TUBA4B, TUBA8, TUBAL3, TUBB, TUBB1, TUBB2A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, TUBB4A, TUBB4B, TUBB6, TUBB8, TUBD1, TUBE1, TUBG1, TUBG2, TUBGCP2, TUBGCP3, TUBGCP4, TUBGCP5, TUBGCP6, TUFM, TUFT1, TULP1, TULP2, TULP3, TULP4, TUNAR, TUSC1, TUSC2, TUSC3, TUSC5, TUT1, TVP23A, TVP23B, TVP23C, TVP23C-CDRT4, TWF1, TWF2, TWISTI, TWIST2, TWISTNB, TWNK, TWSG1, TXK, TXLNA, TXLNB, TXLNG, TXN, TXN2, TXNDC11, TXNDC12, TXNDC15, TXNDC16, TXNDC17, TXNDC2, TXNDC5, TXNDC8, TXNDC9, TXNIP, TXNL1, TXNL4A, TXNL4B, TXNRD1, TXNRD2, TXNRD3, TXNRD3NB, TYK2, TYMP, TYMS, TYR, TYRO3, TYROBP, TYRP1, TYSND1, TYW1, TYW1B, TYW3, TYW5, U2AF1, U2AF1L4, U2AF1L5, U2AF2, U2SURP, UACA, UAP1, UAP1L1, UBA1, UBA2, UBA3, UBA5, UBA52, UBA6, UBA7, UBAC1, UBAC2, UBALD1, UBALD2, UBAP1, UBAP1L, UBAP2, UBAP2L, UBASH3A, UBASH3B, UBB, UBC, UBD, UBE2A, UBE2B, UBE2C, UBE2D1, UBE2D2, UBE2D3, UBE2D4, UBE2E1, UBE2E2, UBE2E3, UBE2F, UBE2F-SCLY, UBE2G1, UBE2G2, UBE2H, UBE2I, UBE2J1, UBE2J2, UBE2K, UBE2L3, UBE2L5P, UBE2L6, UBE2M, UBE2N, UBE2NL, UBE20, UBE2Q1, UBE2Q2, UBE2Q2L, UBE2QL1, UBE2R², UBE2S, UBE2T, UBE2U, UBE2V1, UBE2V2, UBE2W, UBE2Z, UBE3A, UBE3B, UBE3C, UBE3D, UBE4A, UBE4B, UBFD1, UBIAD1, UBL3, UBL4A, UBL4B, UBL5, UBL7, UBLCP1, UBN1, UBN2, UBOX5, UBP1, UBQLN1, UBQLN2, UBQLN3, UBQLN4, UBQLNL, UBR1, UBR2, UBR3, UBR4, UBR5, UBR7, UBTD1, UBTD2, UBTF, UBTFL1, UBXN1, UBXN10, UBXN11, UBXN2A, UBXN2B, UBXN4, UBXN6, UBXN7, UBXN8, UCHL1, UCHL3, UCHL5, UCK1, UCK2, UCKL1, UCMA, UCN, UCN2, UCN3, UCP1, UCP2, UCP3, UEVLD, UFC1, UFD1, UFL1, UFM1, UFSP1, UFSP2, UGCG, UGDH, UGGT1, UGGT2, UGP2, UGT1A1, UGT1A10, UGT1A3, UGT1A4, UGT1A5, UGT1A6, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, UGT2A1, UGT2A2, UGT2A3, UGT2B10, UGT2B11, UGT2B15, UGT2B17, UGT2B28, UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT3A1, UGT3A2, UGT8, UHMK1, UHRF1, UHRF1BP1, UHRF1BP1L, UHRF2, UIMC1, ULBP1, ULBP2, ULBP3, ULK1, ULK2, ULK3, ULK4, UMAD1, UMOD, UMODL1, UMPS, UNC119, UNC119B, UNC13A, UNC13B, UNC13C, UNC13D, UNC45A, UNC45B, UNC50, UNC5A, UNC5B, UNC5C, UNC5CL, UNC5D, UNC79, UNC80, UNC93A, UNC93B1, UNCX, UNG, UNK, UNKL, UPB1, UPF1, UPF2, UPF3A, UPF3B, UPK1A, UPK1B, UPK2, UPK3A, UPK3B, UPK3BL1, UPP1, UPP2, UPRT, UQCC1, UQCC2, UQCC3, UQCR10, UQCR11, UQCRB, UQCRC1, UQCRC2, UQCRF S1, UQCRH, UQCRHL, UQCRQ, URAD, URB1, URB2, URGCP, URGCP-MRPS24, URI1, URM1, UROC1, UROD, UROS, USB1, USEl, USF1, USF2, USF3, USH1C, USH1G, USH2A, USHBP1, USMG5, USO1, USP1, USP10, USP11, USP12, USP13, USP14, USP15, USP16, USP17L1, USP17L10, USP17L11, USP17L12, USP17L13, USP17L15, USP17L17, USP17L18, USP17L19, USP17L2, USP17L20, USP17L21, USP17L22, USP17L23, USP17L24, USP17L25, USP17L26, USP17L27, USP17L28, USP17L29, USP17L3, USP17L30, USP17L4, USP17L5, USP17L7, USP17L8, USP18, USP19, USP2, USP20, USP21, USP22, USP24, USP25, USP26, USP27X, USP28, USP29, USP3, USP30, USP31, USP32, USP33, USP34, USP35, USP36, USP37, USP38, USP39, USP4, USP40, USP41, USP42, USP43, USP44, USP45, USP46, USP47, USP48, USP49, USP5, USP50, USP51, USP53, USP54, USP6, USP6NL, USP7, USP8, USP9X, USP9Y, USPL1, UST, UTF1, UTP11, UTP14A, UTP14C, UTP15, UTP18, UTP20, UTP23, UTP3, UTP4, UTP6, UTRN, UTS2, UTS2B, UTS2R, UTY, UVRAG, UVSSA, UXS1, UXT, VAC14, VAMP1, VAMP2, VAMP3, VAMP4, VAMP5, VAMP7, VAMP8, VANGL, VANGL2, VAPA, VAPB, VARS, VARS2, VASH1, VASH2, VASN, VASP, VAT1, VAT1L, VAV1, VAV2, VAV3, VAX1, VAX2, VBP1, VCAM1, VCAN, VCL, VCP, VCPIP1, VCPKMT, VCX, VCX2, VCX3A, VCX3B, VCY, VCY1B, VDAC1, VDAC2, VDAC3, VDR, VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD, VENTX, VEPH1, VEZF1, VEZT, VGF, VGLL1, VGLL2, VGLL3, VGLL4, VHL, VHLL, VIL1, VILL, VIM, VIP, VIPAS39, VIPR1, VIPR2, VIRMA, VIT, VKORC1, VKORC1L1, VLDLR, VMA21, VMAC, VMO1, VMP1, VN1R1, VN1R2, VN1R4, VN1R5, VNN1, VNN2, VNN3, VOPP1, VPREB1, VPREB3, VPS11, VPS13A, VPS13B, VPS13C, VPS13D, VPS16, VPS18, VPS25, VPS26A, VPS26B, VPS28, VPS29, VPS33A, VPS33B, VPS35, VPS36, VPS37A, VPS37B, VPS37C, VPS37D, VPS39, VPS41, VPS45, VPS4A, VPS4B, VPS50, VPS51, VPS52, VPS53, VPS54, VPS72, VPS8, VPS9D1, VRK1, VRK2, VRK3, VRTN, VSIG1, VSIG10, VSIG10L, VSIG10L2, VSIG2, VSIG4, VSIG8, VSIR, VSNL1, VSTM1, VSTM2A, VSTM2B, VSTM2L, VSTM4, VSTM5, VSX1, VSX2, VTA1, VTCN1, VTI1A, VTI1B, VTN, VWA1, VWA2, VWA3A, VWA3B, VWA5A, VWA5B1, VWA5B2, VWA7, VWA8, VWC2, VWC2L, VWCE, VWDE, VWF, WAC, WAPL, WARS, WARS2, WAS, WASF1, WASF2, WASF3, WASHC1, WASHC2A, WASHC2C, WASHC3, WASHC4, WASHC5, WASL, WBP1, WBP11, WBP1L, WBP2, WBP2NL, WBP4, WDCP, WDFY1, WDFY2, WDFY3, WDFY4, WDHD1, WDPCP, WDR1, WDR11, WDR12, WDR13, WDR17, WDR18, WDR19, WDR20, WDR24, WDR25, WDR26, WDR27, WDR3, WDR31, WDR33, WDR34, WDR35, WDR36, WDR37, WDR38, WDR4, WDR41, WDR43, WDR44, WDR45, WDR45B, WDR46, WDR47, WDR48, WDR49, WDR5, WDR53, WDR54, WDR55, WDR59, WDR5B, WDR6, WDR60, WDR61, WDR62, WDR63, WDR64, WDR66, WDR7, WDR70, WDR72, WDR73, WDR74, WDR75, WDR76, WDR77, WDR78, WDR81, WDR82, WDR83, WDR83OS, WDR86, WDR87, WDR88, WDR89, WDR90, WDR91, WDR92, WDR93, WDR97, WDSUB1, WDTC1, WDYHV1, WEE1, WEE2, WFDC1, WFDC10A, WFDC10B, WFDC11, WFDC12, WFDC13, WFDC2, WFDC3, WFDC5, WFDC6, WFDC8, WFDC9, WFIKKN1, WFIKKN2, WFS1, WHAMM, WHRN, WIF1, WIPF1, WIPF2, WIPF3, WIPI1, WIPI2, WISP1, WISP2, WISP3, WIZ, WLS, WNK1, WNK2, WNK3, WNK4, WNT1, WNT10A, WNT10B, WNT11, WNT16, WNT2, WNT2B, WNT3, WNT3A, WNT4, WNT5A, WNT5B, WNT6, WNT7A, WNT7B, WNT8A, WNT8B, WNT9A, WNT9B, WRAP53, WRAP73, WRB, WRN, WRNIP1, WSB1, WSB2, WSCD1, WSCD2, WT1, WTAP, WTH3DI, WTIP, WWC1, WWC2, WWC3, WWOX, WWP1, WWP2, WWTR1, XAB2, XAF1, XAGE1A, XAGE1B, XAGE2, XAGE3, XAGE5, XBP1, XCL1, XCL2, XCR1, XDH, XG, XIAP, XIRP1, XIRP2, XK, XKR3, XKR4, XKR5, XKR6, XKR7, XKR8, XKR9, XKRX, XPA, XPC, XPNPEP1, XPNPEP2, XPNPEP3, XPO1, XPO4, XPO5, XPO6, XPO7, XPOT, XPR1, XRCC1, XRCC2, XRCC3, XRCC4, XRCC5, XRCC6, XRN1, XRN2, XRRA1, XXYLT1, XYLB, XYLT1, XYLT2, YAE1D1, YAF2, YAP1, YARS, YARS2, YBEY, YBX1, YBX2, YBX3, YDJC, YEATS2, YEATS4, YES1, YIF1A, YIF1B, YIPF1, YIPF2, YIPF3, YIPF4, YIPF5, YIPF6, YIPF7, YJEFN3, YKT6, YLPM1, YME1L1, YOD1, YPEL1, YPEL2, YPEL3, YPEL4, YPEL5, YRDC, YTHDC1, YTHDC2, YTHDF1, YTHDF2, YTHDF3, YWHAB, YWHAE, YWHAG, YWHAH, YWHAQ, YWHAZ, YY1, YYlAP1, YY2, Z82206.1, Z83844.1, Z84492.1, Z98749.3, Z98752.3, ZACN, ZADH2, ZAN, ZAP70, ZAR1, ZAR1L, ZBBX, ZBED1, ZBED2, ZBED3, ZBED4, ZBED5, ZBED6, ZBED6CL, ZBED8, ZBED9, ZBP1, ZBTB1, ZBTB10, ZBTB11, ZBTB12, ZBTB14, ZBTB16, ZBTB17, ZBTB18, ZBTB2, ZBTB20, ZBTB21, ZBTB22, ZBTB24, ZBTB25, ZBTB26, ZBTB3, ZBTB32, ZBTB33, ZBTB34, ZBTB37, ZBTB38, ZBTB39, ZBTB4, ZBTB40, ZBTB41, ZBTB42, ZBTB43, ZBTB44, ZBTB45, ZBTB46, ZBTB47, ZBTB48, ZBTB49, ZBTB5, ZBTB6, ZBTB7A, ZBTB7B, ZBTB7C, ZBTB8A, ZBTB8B, ZBTB8OS, ZBTB9, ZC2HC1A, ZC2HC1B, ZC2HC1C, ZC3H10, ZC3H11A, ZC3H11B, ZC3H12A, ZC3H12B, ZC3H12C, ZC3H12D, ZC3H13, ZC3H14, ZC3H15, ZC3H18, ZC3H3, ZC3H4, ZC3H6, ZC3H7A, ZC3H7B, ZC3H8, ZC3HAV1, ZC3HAV1L, ZC3HC1, ZC4H2, ZCCHC10, ZCCHC11, ZCCHC12, ZCCHC13, ZCCHC14, ZCCHC17, ZCCHC18, ZCCHC2, ZCCHC24, ZCCHC3, ZCCHC4, ZCCHC6, ZCCHC7, ZCCHC8, ZCCHC9, ZCRB1, ZCWPW1, ZCWPW2, ZDBF2, ZDHHC1, ZDHHC11, ZDHHC11B, ZDHHC12, ZDHHC13, ZDHHC14, ZDHHC15, ZDHHC16, ZDHHC17, ZDHHC18, ZDHHC19, ZDHHC2, ZDHHC20, ZDHHC21, ZDHHC22, ZDHHC23, ZDHHC24, ZDHHC3, ZDHHC4, ZDHHC5, ZDHHC6, ZDHHC7, ZDHHC8, ZDHHC9, ZEB1, ZEB2, ZER1, ZFAND1, ZFAND2A, ZFAND2B, ZFAND3, ZFAND4, ZFAND5, ZFAND6, ZFAT, ZFC3H1, ZFHX2, ZFHX3, ZFHX4, ZFP1, ZFP14, ZFP2, ZFP28, ZFP3, ZFP30, ZFP36, ZFP36L1, ZFP36L2, ZFP37, ZFP41, ZFP42, ZFP57, ZFP62, ZFP64, ZFP69, ZFP69B, ZFP82, ZFP90, ZFP91, ZFP91-CNTF, ZFP92, ZFPL1, ZFPM1, ZFPM2, ZFR, ZFR2, ZFX, ZFY, ZFYVE1, ZFYVE16, ZFYVE19, ZFYVE21, ZFYVE26, ZFYVE27, ZFYVE28, ZFYVE9, ZG16, ZG16B, ZGLP1, ZGPAT, ZGRF1, ZHX1, ZHX1-C8orf76, ZHX2, ZHX3, ZIC1, ZIC2, ZIC3, ZIC4, ZIC5, ZIK1, ZIM2, ZIM3, ZKSCAN1, ZKSCAN2, ZKSCAN3, ZKSCAN4, ZKSCAN5, ZKSCAN7, ZKSCAN8, ZMAT1, ZMAT2, ZMAT3, ZMAT4, ZMAT5, ZMIZ1, ZMIZ2, ZMPSTE24, ZMYM1, ZMYM2, ZMYM3, ZMYM4, ZMYM5, ZMYM6, ZMYND10, ZMYND11, ZMYND12, ZMYND15, ZMYND19, ZMYND8, ZNF10, ZNF100, ZNF101, ZNF106, ZNF107, ZNF112, ZNF114, ZNF117, ZNF12, ZNF121, ZNF124, ZNF131, ZNF132, ZNF133, ZNF134, ZNF135, ZNF136, ZNF138, ZNF14, ZNF140, ZNF141, ZNF142, ZNF143, ZNF146, ZNF148, ZNF154, ZNF155, ZNF157, ZNF16, ZNF160, ZNF165, ZNF169, ZNF17, ZNF174, ZNF175, ZNF177, ZNF18, ZNF180, ZNF181, ZNF182, ZNF184, ZNF185, ZNF189, ZNF19, ZNF195, ZNF197, ZNF2, ZNF20, ZNF200, ZNF202, ZNF205, ZNF207, ZNF208, ZNF211, ZNF212, ZNF213, ZNF214, ZNF215, ZNF217, ZNF219, ZNF22, ZNF221, ZNF222, ZNF223, ZNF224, ZNF225, ZNF226, ZNF227, ZNF229, ZNF23, ZNF230, ZNF232, ZNF233, ZNF234, ZNF235, ZNF236, ZNF239, ZNF24, ZNF248, ZNF25, ZNF250, ZNF251, ZNF253, ZNF254, ZNF256, ZNF257, ZNF26, ZNF260, ZNF263, ZNF264, ZNF266, ZNF267, ZNF268, ZNF273, ZNF274, ZNF275, ZNF276, ZNF277, ZNF28, ZNF280A, ZNF280B, ZNF280C, ZNF280D, ZNF281, ZNF282, ZNF283, ZNF284, ZNF285, ZNF286A, ZNF286B, ZNF287, ZNF292, ZNF296, ZNF3, ZNF30, ZNF300, ZNF302, ZNF304, ZNF311, ZNF316, ZNF317, ZNF318, ZNF319, ZNF32, ZNF320, ZNF322, ZNF324, ZNF324B, ZNF326, ZNF329, ZNF330, ZNF331, ZNF333, ZNF334, ZNF335, ZNF337, ZNF33A, ZNF33B, ZNF34, ZNF341, ZNF343, ZNF345, ZNF346, ZNF347, ZNF35, ZNF350, ZNF354A, ZNF354B, ZNF354C, ZNF358, ZNF362, ZNF365, ZNF366, ZNF367, ZNF37A, ZNF382, ZNF383, ZNF384, ZNF385A, ZNF385B, ZNF385C, ZNF385D, ZNF391, ZNF394, ZNF395, ZNF396, ZNF397, ZNF398, ZNF404, ZNF407, ZNF408, ZNF41, ZNF410, ZNF414, ZNF415, ZNF416, ZNF417, ZNF418, ZNF419, ZNF420, ZNF423, ZNF425, ZNF426, ZNF428, ZNF429, ZNF43, ZNF430, ZNF431, ZNF432, ZNF433, ZNF436, ZNF438, ZNF439, ZNF44, ZNF440, ZNF441, ZNF442, ZNF443, ZNF444, ZNF445, ZNF446, ZNF449, ZNF45, ZNF451, ZNF454, ZNF460, ZNF461, ZNF462, ZNF467, ZNF468, ZNF469, ZNF470, ZNF471, ZNF473, ZNF474, ZNF479, ZNF48, ZNF480, ZNF483, ZNF484, ZNF485, ZNF486, ZNF487, ZNF488, ZNF490, ZNF491, ZNF492, ZNF493, ZNF496, ZNF497, ZNF500, ZNF501, ZNF502, ZNF503, ZNF506, ZNF507, ZNF510, ZNF511, ZNF512, ZNF512B, ZNF513, ZNF514, ZNF516, ZNF517, ZNF518A, ZNF518B, ZNF519, ZNF521, ZNF524, ZNF525, ZNF526, ZNF527, ZNF528, ZNF529, ZNF530, ZNF532, ZNF534, ZNF536, ZNF540, ZNF541, ZNF543, ZNF544, ZNF546, ZNF547, ZNF548, ZNF549, ZNF550, ZNF551, ZNF552, ZNF554, ZNF555, ZNF556, ZNF557, ZNF558, ZNF559, ZNF559-ZNF177, ZNF560, ZNF561, ZNF562, ZNF563, ZNF564, ZNF565, ZNF566, ZNF567, ZNF568, ZNF569, ZNF57, ZNF570, ZNF571, ZNF572, ZNF573, ZNF574, ZNF575, ZNF576, ZNF577, ZNF578, ZNF579, ZNF580, ZNF581, ZNF582, ZNF583, ZNF584, ZNF585A, ZNF585B, ZNF586, ZNF587, ZNF587B, ZNF589, ZNF592, ZNF593, ZNF594, ZNF595, ZNF596, ZNF597, ZNF598, ZNF599, ZNF600, ZNF605, ZNF606, ZNF607, ZNF608, ZNF609, ZNF610, ZNF611, ZNF613, ZNF614, ZNF615, ZNF616, ZNF618, ZNF619, ZNF620, ZNF621, ZNF622, ZNF623, ZNF624, ZNF625, ZNF625-ZNF20, ZNF626, ZNF627, ZNF628, ZNF629, ZNF630, ZNF638, ZNF639, ZNF641, ZNF644, ZNF645, ZNF646, ZNF648, ZNF649, ZNF652, ZNF653, ZNF654, ZNF655, ZNF658, ZNF66, ZNF660, ZNF662, ZNF664, ZNF665, ZNF667, ZNF668, ZNF669, ZNF670, ZNF670-ZNF695, ZNF671, ZNF672, ZNF674, ZNF675, ZNF676, ZNF677, ZNF678, ZNF679, ZNF680, ZNF681, ZNF682, ZNF683, ZNF684, ZNF687, ZNF688, ZNF689, ZNF69, ZNF691, ZNF692, ZNF695, ZNF696, ZNF697, ZNF699, ZNF7, ZNF70, ZNF700, ZNF701, ZNF703, ZNF704, ZNF705A, ZNF705B, ZNF705D, ZNF705E, ZNF705G, ZNF706, ZNF707, ZNF708, ZNF709, ZNF71, ZNF710, ZNF711, ZNF713, ZNF714, ZNF716, ZNF717, ZNF718, ZNF720, ZNF721, ZNF724, ZNF726, ZNF727, ZNF728, ZNF729, ZNF730, ZNF732, ZNF735, ZNF736, ZNF737, ZNF738, ZNF74, ZNF740, ZNF746, ZNF747, ZNF749, ZNF750, ZNF75A, ZNF75D, ZNF76, ZNF761, ZNF763, ZNF764, ZNF765, ZNF766, ZNF768, ZNF77, ZNF770, ZNF771, ZNF772, ZNF773, ZNF774, ZNF775, ZNF776, ZNF777, ZNF778, ZNF780A, ZNF780B, ZNF781, ZNF782, ZNF783, ZNF784, ZNF785, ZNF786, ZNF787, ZNF788, ZNF789, ZNF79, ZNF790, ZNF791, ZNF792, ZNF793, ZNF799, ZNF8, ZNF80, ZNF800, ZNF804A, ZNF804B, ZNF805, ZNF808, ZNF81, ZNF813, ZNF814, ZNF816, ZNF816-ZNF321P, ZNF821, ZNF823, ZNF827, ZNF829, ZNF83, ZNF830, ZNF831, ZNF835, ZNF836, ZNF837, ZNF839, ZNF84, ZNF841, ZNF843, ZNF844, ZNF845, ZNF846, ZNF85, ZNF850, ZNF852, ZNF853, ZNF860, ZNF862, ZNF865, ZNF878, ZNF879, ZNF880, ZNF883, ZNF888, ZNF891, ZNF90, ZNF91, ZNF92, ZNF93, ZNF98, ZNF99, ZNFX1, ZNHIT1, ZNHIT2, ZNHIT3, ZNHIT6, ZNRD1, ZNRF1, ZNRF2, ZNRF3, ZNRF4, ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, ZP4, ZPBP, ZPBP2, ZPLD1, ZPR1, ZRANB1, ZRANB2, ZRANB3, ZRSR1, ZRSR2, ZSCAN1, ZSCAN10, ZSCAN12, ZSCAN16, ZSCAN18, ZSCAN2, ZSCAN20, ZSCAN21, ZSCAN22, ZSCAN23, ZSCAN25, ZSCAN26, ZSCAN29, ZSCAN30, ZSCAN31, ZSCAN32, ZSCAN4, ZSCAN5A, ZSCAN5B, ZSCAN5C, ZSCAN9, ZSWIM1, ZSWIM2, ZSWIM3, ZSWIM4, ZSWIM5, ZSWIM6, ZSWIM7, ZSWIM8, ZUFSP, ZW10, ZWILCH, ZWINT, ZXDA, ZXDB, ZXDC, ZYG11A, ZYG11B, ZYX, ZZEF1, and ZZZ3.

Furthermore, the invention provides the use of a compound according to the definitions herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a hydrate or solvate thereof for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of an autoimmune disorder, an inflammatory disorder, or a proliferative disorder, or a disorder commonly occurring in connection with transplantation.

Combination Therapies

Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents, which are normally administered to treat that condition, may be administered in combination with compounds and compositions of this invention. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.”

In certain embodiments, a provided combination, or composition thereof, is administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a disclosed disease or condition comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and co-administering simultaneously or sequentially an effective amount of one or more additional therapeutic agents, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, the method includes co-administering one additional therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the method includes co-administering two additional therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, the combination of the disclosed compound and the additional therapeutic agent or agents acts synergistically.

Examples of agents the combinations of this invention may also be combined with include, without limitation: treatments for Alzheimer's Disease such as Aricept® and Excelon®; treatments for HIV such as ritonavir; treatments for Parkinson's Disease such as L-DOPA/carbidopa, entacapone, ropinrole, pramipexole, bromocriptine, pergolide, trihexephendyl, and amantadine; agents for treating Multiple Sclerosis (MS) such as beta interferon (e.g., Avonex® and Rebif®), Copaxone®, and mitoxantrone; treatments for asthma such as albuterol and Singulair®; agents for treating schizophrenia such as zyprexa, risperdal, seroquel, and haloperidol; anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids, TNF blockers, IL-1 RA, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and sulfasalazine; immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporin, tacrolimus, rapamycin, mycophenolate mofetil, interferons, corticosteroids, cyclophophamide, azathioprine, and sulfasalazine; neurotrophic factors such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, MAO inhibitors, interferons, anti-convulsants, ion channel blockers, riluzole, and anti-Parkinsonian agents; agents for treating cardiovascular disease such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and statins; agents for treating liver disease such as corticosteroids, cholestyramine, interferons, and anti-viral agents; agents for treating blood disorders such as corticosteroids, anti-leukemic agents, and growth factors; agents that prolong or improve pharmacokinetics such as cytochrome P450 inhibitors (i.e., inhibitors of metabolic breakdown) and CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketokenozole and ritonavir), and agents for treating immunodeficiency disorders such as gamma globulin.

In certain embodiments, combination therapies of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof, are administered in combination with a monoclonal antibody or an siRNA therapeutic.

Those additional agents may be administered separately from a provided combination therapy, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this invention in a single composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another normally within five hours from one another.

As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this invention. For example, a combination of the present invention may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form.

The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.

One or more other therapeutic agent may be administered separately from a compound or composition of the invention, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, one or more other therapeutic agents agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this invention in a single composition. If administered as a multiple dosage regime, one or more other therapeutic agent and a compound or composition of the invention may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another, for example within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 24 hours from one another. In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent and a compound or composition of the invention are administered as a multiple dosage regimen within greater than 24 hours apart.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents. The therapeutic agent may be administered together with a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or may be administered prior to or following administration of a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Suitable therapeutic agents are described in further detail below. In certain embodiments, a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours before the therapeutic agent. In other embodiments, a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered up to 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5, hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, or 18 hours following the therapeutic agent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an inflammatory disease, disorder or condition by administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents. Such additional therapeutic agents may be small molecules or recombinant biologic agents and include, for example, acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, colchicine (Colcrys®), corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, probenecid, allopurinol, febuxostat (Uloric®), sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®), antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) and chloroquine (Aralen®), methotrexate (Rheumatrex®), gold salts such as gold thioglucose (Solganal®), gold thiomalate (Myochrysine®) and auranofin (Ridaura®), D-penicillamine (Depen® or Cuprimine®), azathioprine (Imuran®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), chlorambucil (Leukeran®), cyclosporine (Sandimmune®), leflunomide (Arava®) and “anti-TNF” agents such as etanercept (Enbrel®), infliximab (Remicade®), golimumab (Simponi®), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®) and adalimumab (Humira®), “anti-IL-” agents such as anakinra (Kineret®) and rilonacept (Arcalyst®), canakinumab (Ilaris®), anti-Jak inhibitors such as tofacitinib, antibodies such as rituximab (Rituxan®), “anti-T-cell” agents such as abatacept (Orencia®), “anti-IL-6” agents such as tocilizumab (Actemra®), diclofenac, cortisone, hyaluronic acid (Synvisc® or Hyalgan®), monoclonal antibodies such as tanezumab, anticoagulants such as heparin (Calcinparine® or Liquaemin®) and warfarin (Coumadin®), antidiarrheals such as diphenoxylate (Lomotil®) and loperamide (Imodium®), bile acid binding agents such as cholestyramine, alosetron (Lotronex®), lubiprostone (Amitiza®), laxatives such as Milk of Magnesia, polyethylene glycol (MiraLax®), Dulcolax®, Correctol® and Senokot®, anticholinergics or antispasmodics such as dicyclomine (Bentyl®), Singulair®, beta-2 agonists such as albuterol (Ventolin® HFA, Proventil® HFA), levalbuterol (Xopenex®), metaproterenol (Alupent®), pirbuterol acetate (Maxair®), terbutaline sulfate (Brethaire®), salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent®) and formoterol (Foradil®), anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®) and tiotropium (Spiriva®), inhaled corticosteroids such as beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent®, Qvar®, and Vanceril®), triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort®), mometasone (Asthmanex®), budesonide (Pulmocort®), and flunisolide (Aerobid®), Afviar®, Symbicort®, Dulera®, cromolyn sodium (Intal®), methylxanthines such as theophylline (Theo-Dur®, Theolair®, Slo-bid®, Uniphyl®, Theo-24®) and aminophylline, IgE antibodies such as omalizumab (Xolair®), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as zidovudine (Retrovir®), abacavir (Ziagen®), abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom®), abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (Trizivir®), didanosine (Videx®), emtricitabine (Emtriva®), lamivudine (Epivir®), lamivudine/zidovudine (Combivir®), stavudine (Zerit®), and zalcitabine (Hivid®), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as delavirdine (Rescriptor®), efavirenz (Sustiva®), nevairapine (Viramune®) and etravirine (Intelence®), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as tenofovir (Viread®), protease inhibitors such as amprenavir (Agenerase®), atazanavir (Reyataz®), darunavir (Prezista®), fosamprenavir (Lexiva®), indinavir (Crixivan®), lopinavir and ritonavir (Kaletra®), nelfinavir (Viracept®), ritonavir (Norvir®), saquinavir (Fortovase® or Invirase®), and tipranavir (Aptivus®), entry inhibitors such as enfuvirtide (Fuzeon®) and maraviroc (Selzentry®), integrase inhibitors such as raltegravir (Isentress®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), bortezomib (Velcade®), and dexamethasone (Decadron®) in combination with lenalidomide (Revlimid®), or any combination(s) thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating gout comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, colchicine (Colcrys®), corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, probenecid, allopurinol and febuxostat (Uloric®).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®), antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) and chloroquine (Aralen®), methotrexate (Rheumatrex®), gold salts such as gold thioglucose (Solganal®), gold thiomalate (Myochrysine®) and auranofin (Ridaura®), D-penicillamine (Depen® or Cuprimine®), azathioprine (Imuran®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), chlorambucil (Leukeran®), cyclosporine (Sandimmune®), leflunomide (Arava®) and “anti-TNF” agents such as etanercept (Enbrel®), infliximab (Remicade®), golimumab (Simponi®), certolizumab pegol (Cimzia®) and adalimumab (Humira®), “anti-IL-1” agents such as anakinra (Kineret®) and rilonacept (Arcalyst®), antibodies such as rituximab (Rituxan®), “anti-T-cell” agents such as abatacept (Orencia®) and “anti-IL-6” agents such as tocilizumab (Actemra®).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating osteoarthritis comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, diclofenac, cortisone, hyaluronic acid (Synvisc® or Hyalgan®) and monoclonal antibodies such as tanezumab.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating lupus comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, etodolac (Lodine®) and celecoxib, corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, and the like, antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil®) and chloroquine (Aralen®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), methotrexate (Rheumatrex®), azathioprine (Imuran®) and anticoagulants such as heparin (Calcinparine® or Liquaemin®) and warfarin (Coumadin®).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating inflammatory bowel disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from mesalamine (Asacol®) sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®), antidiarrheals such as diphenoxylate (Lomotil®) and loperamide (Imodium®), bile acid binding agents such as cholestyramine, alosetron (Lotronex®), lubiprostone (Amitiza®), laxatives such as Milk of Magnesia, polyethylene glycol (MiraLax®), Dulcolax®, Correctol® and Senokot® and anticholinergics or antispasmodics such as dicyclomine (Bentyl®), anti-TNF therapies, steroids, and antibiotics such as Flagyl or ciprofloxacin.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating asthma comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from Singulair®, beta-2 agonists such as albuterol (Ventolin® HFA, Proventil® HFA), levalbuterol (Xopenex®), metaproterenol (Alupent®), pirbuterol acetate (Maxair®), terbutaline sulfate (Brethaire®), salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent®) and formoterol (Foradil®), anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®) and tiotropium (Spiriva®), inhaled corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent®, Qvar®, and Vanceril®), triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort®), mometasone (Asthmanex®), budesonide (Pulmocort®), flunisolide (Aerobid®), Afviar®, Symbicort®, and Dulera®, cromolyn sodium (Intal®), methylxanthines such as theophylline (Theo-Dur®, Theolair®, Slo-bid®, Uniphyl®, Theo-24®) and aminophylline, and IgE antibodies such as omalizumab (Xolair®).

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating COPD comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from beta-2 agonists such as albuterol (Ventolin® HFA, Proventil® HFA), levalbuterol (Xopenex®), metaproterenol (Alupent®), pirbuterol acetate (Maxair®), terbutaline sulfate (Brethaire®), salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent®) and formoterol (Foradil®), anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent®) and tiotropium (Spiriva®), methylxanthines such as theophylline (Theo-Dur®, Theolair®, Slo-bid®, Uniphyl®, Theo-24®) and aminophylline, inhaled corticosteroids such as prednisone, prednisolone, beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent®, Qvar®, and Vanceril®), triamcinolone acetonide (Azmacort®), mometasone (Asthmanex®), budesonide (Pulmocort®), flunisolide (Aerobid®), Afviar®, Symbicort®, and Dulera®,

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating HIV comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as zidovudine (Retrovir®), abacavir (Ziagen®), abacavir/lamivudine (Epzicom®), abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (Trizivir®), didanosine (Videx®), emtricitabine (Emtriva®), lamivudine (Epivir®), lamivudine/zidovudine (Combivir®), stavudine (Zerit®), and zalcitabine (Hivid®), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as delavirdine (Rescriptor®), efavirenz (Sustiva®), nevairapine (Viramune®) and etravirine (Intelence®), nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as tenofovir (Viread®), protease inhibitors such as amprenavir (Agenerase®), atazanavir (Reyataz®), darunavir (Prezista®), fosamprenavir (Lexiva®), indinavir (Crixivan®), lopinavir and ritonavir (Kaletra®), nelfinavir (Viracept®), ritonavir (Norvir®), saquinavir (Fortovase® or Invirase®), and tipranavir (Aptivus®), entry inhibitors such as enfuvirtide (Fuzeon®) and maraviroc (Selzentry®), integrase inhibitors such as raltegravir (Isentress®), and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a solid tumor comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a hematological malignancy comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway inhibitor. In some embodiments, the hematological malignancy is DLBCL (Ramirez et al “Defining causative factors contributing in the activation of hedgehog signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma” Leuk. Res. (2012), published online July 17, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from rituximab (Rituxan®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), doxorubicin (Hydrodaunorubicin®), vincristine (Oncovin®), prednisone, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, and combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating multiple myeloma comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from bortezomib (Velcade®), and dexamethasone (Decadron®), a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, a SYK inhibitor in combination with lenalidomide (Revlimid®).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from chlorambucil (Leukeran®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®, Neosar®), fludarabine (Fludara®), cladribine (Leustatin®), rituximab (Rituxan®), a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, and a SYK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an antagonist of the hedgehog pathway. Approved hedgehog pathway inhibitors which may be used in the present invention include sonidegib (Odomzo®, Sun Pharmaceuticals); and vismodegib (Erivedge®, Genentech), both for treatment of basal cell carcinoma.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. In some embodiments, a PARP inhibitor is selected from olaparib (Lynparza®, AstraZeneca); rucaparib (Rubraca®, Clovis Oncology); niraparib (Zejula®, Tesaro); talazoparib (MDV3800/BMN 673/LT00673, Medivation/Pfizer/Biomarin); veliparib (ABT-888, AbbVie); and BGB-290 (BeiGene, Inc.).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. In some embodiments, an HDAC inhibitor is selected from vorinostat (Zolinza®, Merck); romidepsin (Istodax®, Celgene); panobinostat (Farydak®, Novartis); belinostat (Beleodaq®, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals); entinostat (SNDX-275, Syndax Pharmaceuticals) (NCT00866333); and chidamide (Epidaza®, HBI-8000, Chipscreen Biosciences, China).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a CDK inhibitor, such as a CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor. In some embodiments, a CDK 4/6 inhibitor is selected from palbociclib (Ibrance, Pfizer); ribociclib (Kisqali®, Novartis); abemaciclib (Ly2835219, Eli Lilly); and trilaciclib (G1T28, G1 Therapeutics).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a folic acid inhibitor. Approved folic acid inhibitors useful in the present invention include pemetrexed (Alimta®, Eli Lilly).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) inhibitor. CCR4 inhibitors being studied that may be useful in the present invention include mogamulizumab (Poteligeo®, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Japan).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) inhibitor. IDH inhibitors being studied which may be used in the present invention include AG120 (Celgene; NCT02677922); AG221 (Celgene, NCT02677922; NCT02577406); BAY1436032 (Bayer, NCT02746081); IDH305 (Novartis, NCT02987010).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an arginase inhibitor. Arginase inhibitors being studied which may be used in the present invention include AEB1102 (pegylated recombinant arginase, Aeglea Biotherapeutics), which is being studied in Phase 1 clinical trials for acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (NCT02732184) and solid tumors (NCT02561234); and CB-1158 (Calithera Biosciences).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a glutaminase inhibitor. Glutaminase inhibitors being studied which may be used in the present invention include CB-839 (Calithera Biosciences).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an antibody that binds to tumor antigens, that is, proteins expressed on the cell surface of tumor cells. Approved antibodies that bind to tumor antigens which may be used in the present invention include rituximab (Rituxan®, Genentech/BiogenIdec); ofatumumab (anti-CD20, Arzerra®, GlaxoSmithKline); obinutuzumab (anti-CD20, Gazyva®, Genentech), ibritumomab (anti-CD20 and Yttrium-90, Zevalin®, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals); daratumumab (anti-CD38, Darzalex®, Janssen Biotech), dinutuximab (anti-glycolipid GD2, Unituxin®, United Therapeutics); trastuzumab (anti-HER2, Herceptin®, Genentech); ado-trastuzumab emtansine (anti-HER2, fused to emtansine, Kadcyla®, Genentech); and pertuzumab (anti-HER2, Perjeta®, Genentech); and brentuximab vedotin (anti-CD30-drug conjugate, Adcetris®, Seattle Genetics).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a topoisomerase inhibitor. Approved topoisomerase inhibitors useful in the present invention include irinotecan (Onivyde®, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals); topotecan (Hycamtin®, GlaxoSmithKline). Topoisomerase inhibitors being studied which may be used in the present invention include pixantrone (Pixuvri®, CTI Biopharma).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of anti-apoptotic proteins, such as BCL-2. Approved anti-apoptotics which may be used in the present invention include venetoclax (Venclexta®, AbbVie/Genentech); and blinatumomab (Blincyto®, Amgen). Other therapeutic agents targeting apoptotic proteins which have undergone clinical testing and may be used in the present invention include navitoclax (ABT-263, Abbott), a BCL-2 inhibitor (NCT02079740).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an androgen receptor inhibitor. Approved androgen receptor inhibitors useful in the present invention include enzalutamide (Xtandi®, Astellas/Medivation); approved inhibitors of androgen synthesis include abiraterone (Zytiga®, Centocor/Ortho); approved antagonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor (degaralix, Firmagon®, Ferring Pharmaceuticals).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), which interferes with the synthesis or activity of estrogens. Approved SERMs useful in the present invention include raloxifene (Evista®, Eli Lilly).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of bone resorption. An approved therapeutic which inhibits bone resorption is Denosumab (Xgeva®, Amgen), an antibody that binds to RANKL, prevents binding to its receptor RANK, found on the surface of osteoclasts, their precursors, and osteoclast-like giant cells, which mediates bone pathology in solid tumors with osseous metastases. Other approved therapeutics that inhibit bone resorption include bisphosphonates, such as zoledronic acid (Zometa®, Novartis).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of interaction between the two primary p53 suppressor proteins, MDMX and MDM2. Inhibitors of p53 suppression proteins being studied which may be used in the present invention include ALRN-6924 (Aileron), a stapled peptide that equipotently binds to and disrupts the interaction of MDMX and MDM2 with p53. ALRN-6924 is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of AML, advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (NCT02909972; NCT02264613).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta or TGFß). Inhibitors of TGF-beta proteins being studied which may be used in the present invention include NIS793 (Novartis), an anti-TGF-beta antibody being tested in the clinic for treatment of various cancers, including breast, lung, hepatocellular, colorectal, pancreatic, prostate and renal cancer (NCT 02947165). In some embodiments, the inhibitor of TGF-beta proteins is fresolimumab (GC1008; Sanofi-Genzyme), which is being studied for melanoma (NCT00923169); renal cell carcinoma (NCT00356460); and non-small cell lung cancer (NCT02581787). Additionally, in some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is a TGF-beta trap, such as described in Connolly et al. (2012) Int'l J. Biological Sciences 8:964-978. One therapeutic compound currently in clinical trials for treatment of solid tumors is M7824 (Merck KgaA—formerly MSB0011459X), which is a bispecific, anti-PD-L1/TGFß trap compound (NCT02699515); and (NCT02517398). M7824 is comprised of a fully human IgG1 antibody against PD-L1 fused to the extracellular domain of human TGF-beta receptor II, which functions as a TGFß “trap.”

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is selected from glembatumumab vedotin-monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) (Celldex), an anti-glycoprotein NMB (gpNMB) antibody (CR011) linked to the cytotoxic MMAE. gpNMB is a protein overexpressed by multiple tumor types associated with cancer cells' ability to metastasize.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an antiproliferative compound. Such antiproliferative compounds include, but are not limited to aromatase inhibitors; antiestrogens; topoisomerase I inhibitors; topoisomerase II inhibitors; microtubule active compounds; alkylating compounds; histone deacetylase inhibitors; compounds which induce cell differentiation processes; cyclooxygenase inhibitors; MMP inhibitors; mTOR inhibitors; antineoplastic antimetabolites; platin compounds; compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity and further anti-angiogenic compounds; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase; gonadorelin agonists; anti-androgens; methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; bisphosphonates; biological response modifiers; antiproliferative antibodies; heparanase inhibitors; inhibitors of Ras oncogenic isoforms; telomerase inhibitors; proteasome inhibitors; compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3; Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17-AAG (17-allylaminogeldanamycin, NSC330507), 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin, NSC707545), IPI-504, CNF1010, CNF2024, CNF1010 from Conforma Therapeutics; temozolomide (Temodal®); kinesin spindle protein inhibitors, such as SB715992 or SB743921 from GlaxoSmithKline, or pentamidine/chlorpromazine from CombinatoRx; MEK inhibitors such as ARRY142886 from Array BioPharma, AZd₆244 from AstraZeneca, PD181461 from Pfizer and leucovorin.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating Alzheimer's disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from donepezil (Aricept®), rivastigmine (Excelon®), galantamine (Razadyne®), tacrine (Cognex®), and memantine (Namenda®).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a taxane compound, which causes disruption of microtubules, which are essential for cell division. In some embodiments, a taxane compound is selected from paclitaxel (Taxol®, Bristol-Myers Squibb), docetaxel (Taxotere®, Sanofi-Aventis; Docefrez®, Sun Pharmaceutical), albumin-bound paclitaxel (Abraxane®; Abraxis/Celgene), cabazitaxel (Jevtana®, Sanofi-Aventis), and SID530 (SK Chemicals, Co.) (NCT00931008).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a nucleoside inhibitor, or a therapeutic agent that interferes with normal DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, cell replication, or will otherwise inhibit rapidly proliferating cells.

In some embodiments, a nucleoside inhibitor is selected from trabectedin (guanidine alkylating agent, Yondelis®, Janssen Oncology), mechlorethamine (alkylating agent, Valchlor®, Aktelion Pharmaceuticals); vincristine (Oncovin®, Eli Lilly; Vincasar®, Teva Pharmaceuticals; Marqibo®, Talon Therapeutics); temozolomide (prodrug to alkylating agent 5-(3-methyltriazen-1-yl)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC) Temodar®, Merck); cytarabine injection (ara-C, antimetabolic cytidine analog, Pfizer); lomustine (alkylating agent, CeeNU®, Bristol-Myers Squibb; Gleostine®, NextSource Biotechnology); azacitidine (pyrimidine nucleoside analog of cytidine, Vidaza®, Celgene); omacetaxine mepesuccinate (cephalotaxine ester) (protein synthesis inhibitor, Synribo®; Teva Pharmaceuticals); asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi (enzyme for depletion of asparagine, Elspar®, Lundbeck; Erwinaze®, EUSA Pharma); eribulin mesylate (microtubule inhibitor, tubulin-based antimitotic, Halaven®, Eisai); cabazitaxel (microtubule inhibitor, tubulin-based antimitotic, Jevtana®, Sanofi-Aventis); capacetrine (thymidylate synthase inhibitor, Xeloda®, Genentech); bendamustine (bifunctional mechlorethamine derivative, believed to form interstrand DNA cross-links, Treanda®, Cephalon/Teva); ixabepilone (semi-synthetic analog of epothilone B, microtubule inhibitor, tubulin-based antimitotic, Ixempra®, Bristol-Myers Squibb); nelarabine (prodrug of deoxyguanosine analog, nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, Arranon®, Novartis); clorafabine (prodrug of ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, competitive inhibitor of deoxycytidine, Clolar®, Sanofi-Aventis); and trifluridine and tipiracil (thymidine-based nucleoside analog and thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor, Lonsurf®, Taiho Oncology).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a kinase inhibitor or VEGF-R antagonist. Approved VEGF inhibitors and kinase inhibitors useful in the present invention include: bevacizumab (Avastin®, Genentech/Roche) an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody; ramucirumab (Cyramza®, Eli Lilly), an anti-VEGFR-2 antibody and ziv-aflibercept, also known as VEGF Trap (Zaltrap®; Regeneron/Sanofi). VEGFR inhibitors, such as regorafenib (Stivarga®, Bayer); vandetanib (Caprelsa®, AstraZeneca); axitinib (Inlyta®, Pfizer); and lenvatinib (Lenvima®, Eisai); Raf inhibitors, such as sorafenib (Nexavar®, Bayer AG and Onyx); dabrafenib (Tafinlar®, Novartis); and vemurafenib (Zelboraf®, Genentech/Roche); MEK inhibitors, such as cobimetanib (Cotellic®, Exelexis/Genentech/Roche); trametinib (Mekinist®, Novartis); Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib (Gleevec®, Novartis); nilotinib (Tasigna®, Novartis); dasatinib (Sprycel®, BristolMyersSquibb); bosutinib (Bosulif®, Pfizer); and ponatinib (Inclusig®, Ariad Pharmaceuticals); Her2 and EGFR inhibitors, such as gefitinib (Iressa®, AstraZeneca); erlotinib (Tarceeva®, Genentech/Roche/Astellas); lapatinib (Tykerb®, Novartis); afatinib (Gilotrif®, Boehringer Ingelheim); osimertinib (targeting activated EGFR, Tagrisso®, AstraZeneca); and brigatinib (Alunbrig®, Ariad Pharmaceuticals); c-Met and VEGFR2 inhibitors, such as cabozanitib (Cometriq®, Exelexis); and multikinase inhibitors, such as sunitinib (Sutent®, Pfizer); pazopanib (Votrient®, Novartis); ALK inhibitors, such as crizotinib (Xalkori®, Pfizer); ceritinib (Zykadia®, Novartis); and alectinib (Alecenza®, Genentech/Roche); Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as ibrutinib (Imbruvica®, Pharmacyclics/Janssen); and Flt3 receptor inhibitors, such as midostaurin (Rydapt®, Novartis).

Other kinase inhibitors and VEGF-R antagonists that are in development and may be used in the present invention include tivozanib (Aveo Pharmaecuticals); vatalanib (Bayer/Novartis); lucitanib (Clovis Oncology); dovitinib (TK1258, Novartis); Chiauanib (Chipscreen Biosciences); CEP-11981 (Cephalon); linifanib (Abbott Laboratories); neratinib (HKI-272, Puma Biotechnology); radotinib (Supect®, IY5511, Il-Yang Pharmaceuticals, S. Korea); ruxolitinib (Jakafi®, Incyte Corporation); PTC299 (PTC Therapeutics); CP-547,632 (Pfizer); foretinib (Exelexis, GlaxoSmithKline); quizartinib (Daiichi Sankyo) and motesanib (Amgen/Takeda).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating organ transplant rejection or graft vs. host disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents selected from a steroid, cyclosporin, FK506, rapamycin, a hedgehog signaling inhibitor, a BTK inhibitor, a JAK/pan-JAK inhibitor, a TYK2 inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, and a SYK inhibitor.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a BTK inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vasculitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, osteoarthritis, Still's disease, juvenile arthritis, diabetes, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Ord's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, Sjogren's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, Lyme neuroborreliosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Addison's disease, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, ankylosing spondylosis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, aplastic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune gastritis, pernicious anemia, celiac disease, Goodpasture's syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, optic neuritis, scleroderma, primary biliary cirrhosis, Reiter's syndrome, Takayasu's arteritis, temporal arteritis, warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Wegener's granulomatosis, psoriasis, alopecia universalis, Behcet's disease, chronic fatigue, dysautonomia, membranous glomerulonephropathy, endometriosis, interstitial cystitis, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, neuromyotonia, scleroderma, vulvodynia, a hyperproliferative disease, rejection of transplanted organs or tissues, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS, also known as HIV), type 1 diabetes, graft versus host disease, transplantation, transfusion, anaphylaxis, allergies (e.g., allergies to plant pollens, latex, drugs, foods, insect poisons, animal hair, animal dander, dust mites, or cockroach calyx), type I hypersensitivity, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, asthma, appendicitis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergy, blepharitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, bursitis, cervicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, chronic graft rejection, colitis, conjunctivitis, Crohn's disease, cystitis, dacryoadenitis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, encephalitis, endocarditis, endometritis, enteritis, enterocolitis, epicondylitis, epididymitis, fasciitis, fibrositis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, hepatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, immunoglobulin A nephropathy, interstitial lung disease, laryngitis, mastitis, meningitis, myelitis myocarditis, myositis, nephritis, oophoritis, orchitis, osteitis, otitis, pancreatitis, parotitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, pharyngitis, pleuritis, phlebitis, pneumonitis, pneumonia, polymyositis, proctitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, rhinitis, salpingitis, sinusitis, stomatitis, synovitis, tendonitis, tonsillitis, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, vaginitis, vasculitis, or vulvitis, B-cell proliferative disorder, e.g., diffuse large B cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, multiple myeloma (also known as plasma cell myeloma), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, plasmacytoma, extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma, intravascular large B cell lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia, or lymphomatoid granulomatosis, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or cancer of the mast cells (e.g., mastocytoma, mast cell leukemia, mast cell sarcoma, systemic mastocytosis), bone cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, diseases of the bone and joints including, without limitation, rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies (including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and Reiter's disease), Behcet's disease, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, osteoporosis, bone cancer, bone metastasis, a thromboembolic disorder, (e.g., myocardial infarct, angina pectoris, reocclusion after angioplasty, restenosis after angioplasty, reocclusion after aortocoronary bypass, restenosis after aortocoronary bypass, stroke, transitory ischemia, a peripheral arterial occlusive disorder, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis), inflammatory pelvic disease, urethritis, skin sunburn, sinusitis, pneumonitis, encephalitis, meningitis, myocarditis, nephritis, osteomyelitis, myositis, hepatitis, gastritis, enteritis, dermatitis, gingivitis, appendicitis, pancreatitis, cholocystitus, agammaglobulinemia, psoriasis, allergy, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Sjogren's disease, tissue graft rejection, hyperacute rejection of transplanted organs, asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), autoimmune polyglandular disease (also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome), autoimmune alopecia, pernicious anemia, glomerulonephritis, dermatomyositis, multiple sclerosis, scleroderma, vasculitis, autoimmune hemolytic and thrombocytopenic states, Goodpasture's syndrome, atherosclerosis, Addison's disease, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, septic shock, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis, osteoarthritis, chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, myasthenia gravis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, atopic dermatitis, degenerative joint disease, vitiligo, autoimmune hypopituitarism, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Behcet's disease, scleraderma, mycosis fungoides, acute inflammatory responses (such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ischemia/reperfusion injury), and Graves' disease.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a PI3K inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from a cancer, a neurodegenative disorder, an angiogenic disorder, a viral disease, an autoimmune disease, an inflammatory disorder, a hormone-related disease, conditions associated with organ transplantation, immunodeficiency disorders, a destructive bone disorder, a proliferative disorder, an infectious disease, a condition associated with cell death, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), liver disease, pathologic immune conditions involving T cell activation, a cardiovascular disorder, and a CNS disorder.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or lessening the severity of a disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a provided compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a PI3K inhibitor, wherein the disease is selected from benign or malignant tumor, carcinoma or solid tumor of the brain, kidney (e.g., renal cell carcinoma (RCC)), liver, adrenal gland, bladder, breast, stomach, gastric tumors, ovaries, colon, rectum, prostate, pancreas, lung, vagina, endometrium, cervix, testis, genitourinary tract, esophagus, larynx, skin, bone or thyroid, sarcoma, glioblastomas, neuroblastomas, multiple myeloma or gastrointestinal cancer, especially colon carcinoma or colorectal adenoma or a tumor of the neck and head, an epidermal hyperproliferation, psoriasis, prostate hyperplasia, a neoplasia, a neoplasia of epithelial character, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, keratoacanthoma, epidermoid carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, lymphomas, (including, for example, non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (also termed Hodgkin's or Hodgkin's disease)), a mammary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, seminoma, melanoma, or a leukemia, diseases include Cowden syndrome, Lhermitte-Dudos disease and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, or diseases in which the PI3K/PKB pathway is aberrantly activated, asthma of whatever type or genesis including both intrinsic (non-allergic) asthma and extrinsic (allergic) asthma, mild asthma, moderate asthma, severe asthma, bronchitic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma and asthma induced following bacterial infection, acute lung injury (ALI), adult/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary, airways or lung disease (COPD, COAD or COLD), including chronic bronchitis or dyspnea associated therewith, emphysema, as well as exacerbation of airways hyperreactivity consequent to other drug therapy, in particular other inhaled drug therapy, bronchitis of whatever type or genesis including, but not limited to, acute, arachidic, catarrhal, croupus, chronic or phthinoid bronchitis, pneumoconiosis (an inflammatory, commonly occupational, disease of the lungs, frequently accompanied by airways obstruction, whether chronic or acute, and occasioned by repeated inhalation of dusts) of whatever type or genesis, including, for example, aluminosis, anthracosis, asbestosis, chalicosis, ptilosis, siderosis, silicosis, tabacosis and byssinosis, Loffler's syndrome, eosinophilic, pneumonia, parasitic (in particular metazoan) infestation (including tropical eosinophilia), bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, polyarteritis nodosa (including Churg-Strauss syndrome), eosinophilic granuloma and eosinophil-related disorders affecting the airways occasioned by drug-reaction, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, alopecia areata, erythema multiforma, dermatitis herpetiformis, scleroderma, vitiligo, hypersensitivity angiitis, urticaria, bullous pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus, pemphisus, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and vernal conjunctivitis, diseases affecting the nose including allergic rhinitis, and inflammatory disease in which autoimmune reactions are implicated or having an autoimmune component or etiology, including autoimmune hematological disorders (e.g. hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, pure red cell anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenia), systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, polychondritis, sclerodoma, Wegener granulamatosis, dermatomyositis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, Steven-Johnson syndrome, idiopathic sprue, autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), endocrine opthalmopathy, Grave's disease, sarcoidosis, alveolitis, chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, multiple sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, uveitis (anterior and posterior), keratoconjunctivitis sicca and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, interstitial lung fibrosis, psoriatic arthritis and glomerulonephritis (with and without nephrotic syndrome, e.g. including idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or minal change nephropathy, restenosis, cardiomegaly, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and congestive heart failure, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and cerebral ischemia, and neurodegenerative disease caused by traumatic injury, glutamate neurotoxicity and hypoxia.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. In some embodiments, a PI3K inhibitor is selected from idelalisib (Zydelig®, Gilead), alpelisib (BYL719, Novartis), taselisib (GDC-0032, Genentech/Roche); pictilisib (GDC-0941, Genentech/Roche); copanlisib (BAY806946, Bayer); duvelisib (formerly IPI-145, Infinity Pharmaceuticals); PQR309 (Piqur Therapeutics, Switzerland); and TGR1202 (formerly RP5230, TG Therapeutics).

The compounds and compositions, according to the method of the present invention, may be administered using any amount and any route of administration effective for treating or lessening the severity of a cancer, an autoimmune disorder, a proliferative disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a neurodegenerative or neurological disorder, schizophrenia, a bone-related disorder, liver disease, or a cardiac disorder. The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the infection, the particular agent, its mode of administration, and the like. Compounds of the invention are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. The expression “dosage unit form” as used herein refers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific effective dose level for any particular patient or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed, and like factors well known in the medical arts. The term “patient”, as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), bucally, as an oral or nasal spray, or the like, depending on the severity of the infection being treated. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention may be administered orally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg and preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a compound of the present invention, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the compound from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then depends upon its rate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the compound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the compound in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of compound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of compound release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention. Additionally, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

According to one embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting protein kinase activity or degrading a protein kinase in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inhibiting or degrading IRAK-1, IRAK-2, and/or IRAK-4, or a mutant thereof, activity in a biological sample comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of this invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

The term “biological sample”, as used herein, includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof, and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof.

Inhibition and/or degradation of a protein kinase, or a protein kinase selected from IRAK-1, IRAK-2, and/or IRAK-4, or a mutant thereof, activity in a biological sample is useful for a variety of purposes that are known to one of skill in the art. Examples of such purposes include, but are not limited to, blood transfusion, organ-transplantation, biological specimen storage, and biological assays.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of degrading a protein kinase and/or inhibiting protein kinase activity in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of the present invention, or a composition comprising said compound.

According to another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of degrading and/or inhibiting one or more of IRAK-1, IRAK-2, and/or IRAK-4, or a mutant thereof, activity in a patient comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of the present invention, or a composition comprising said compound. In other embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating a disorder mediated by one or more of IRAK-1, IRAK-2, and/or IRAK-4, or a mutant thereof, in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound according to the present invention or pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof. Such disorders are described in detail herein.

Depending upon the particular condition, or disease, to be treated, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat that condition, may also be present in the compositions of this invention. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease, or condition, are known as “appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated.”

A compound of the current invention may also be used to advantage in combination with other antiproliferative compounds. Such antiproliferative compounds include, but are not limited to aromatase inhibitors; antiestrogens; topoisomerase I inhibitors; topoisomerase II inhibitors; microtubule active compounds; alkylating compounds; histone deacetylase inhibitors; compounds which induce cell differentiation processes; cyclooxygenase inhibitors; MMP inhibitors; mTOR inhibitors; antineoplastic antimetabolites; platin compounds; compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity and further anti-angiogenic compounds; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase; gonadorelin agonists; anti-androgens; methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; bisphosphonates; biological response modifiers; antiproliferative antibodies; heparanase inhibitors; inhibitors of Ras oncogenic isoforms; telomerase inhibitors; proteasome inhibitors; compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3; Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17-AAG (17-allylaminogeldanamycin, NSC330507), 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin, NSC707545), IPI-504, CNF1010, CNF2024, CNF1010 from Conforma Therapeutics; temozolomide (Temodal®); kinesin spindle protein inhibitors, such as SB715992 or SB743921 from GlaxoSmithKline, or pentamidine/chlorpromazine from CombinatoRx; MEK inhibitors such as ARRY142886 from Array BioPharma, AZD6244 from AstraZeneca, PD181461 from Pfizer and leucovorin.

The term “aromatase inhibitor” as used herein relates to a compound which inhibits estrogen production, for instance, the conversion of the substrates androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and estradiol, respectively. The term includes, but is not limited to steroids, especially atamestane, exemestane and formestane and, in particular, non-steroids, especially aminoglutethimide, roglethimide, pyridoglutethimide, trilostane, testolactone, ketokonazole, vorozole, fadrozole, anastrozole and letrozole. Exemestane is marketed under the trade name Aromasin™. Formestane is marketed under the trade name Lentaron™. Fadrozole is marketed under the trade name Afema™. Anastrozole is marketed under the trade name Arimidex™ Letrozole is marketed under the trade names Femara™ or Femar™. Aminoglutethimide is marketed under the trade name Orimeten™. A combination of the invention comprising a chemotherapeutic agent which is an aromatase inhibitor is particularly useful for the treatment of hormone receptor positive tumors, such as breast tumors.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an mTOR inhibitor, which inhibits cell proliferation, angiogenesis and glucose uptake. In some embodiments, an mTOR inhibitor is everolimus (Afinitor®, Novartis); temsirolimus (Torisel®, Pfizer); and sirolimus (Rapamune®, Pfizer).

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an aromatase inhibitor. In some embodiments, an aromatase inhibitor is selected from exemestane (Aromasin®, Pfizer); anastazole (Arimidex®, AstraZeneca) and letrozole (Femara®, Novartis).

The term “antiestrogen” as used herein relates to a compound which antagonizes the effect of estrogens at the estrogen receptor level. The term includes, but is not limited to tamoxifen, fulvestrant, raloxifene and raloxifene hydrochloride. Tamoxifen is marketed under the trade name Nolvadex™. Raloxifene hydrochloride is marketed under the trade name Evista™. Fulvestrant can be administered under the trade name Faslodex™. A combination of the invention comprising a chemotherapeutic agent which is an antiestrogen is particularly useful for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive tumors, such as breast tumors.

The term “anti-androgen” as used herein relates to any substance which is capable of inhibiting the biological effects of androgenic hormones and includes, but is not limited to, bicalutamide (Casodex™). The term “gonadorelin agonist” as used herein includes, but is not limited to abarelix, goserelin and goserelin acetate. Goserelin can be administered under the trade name Zoladex™.

The term “topoisomerase I inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to topotecan, gimatecan, irinotecan, camptothecian and its analogues, 9-nitrocamptothecin and the macromolecular camptothecin conjugate PNU-166148. Irinotecan can be administered, e.g. in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Camptosar™. Topotecan is marketed under the trade name Hycamptin™.

The term “topoisomerase II inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to the anthracyclines such as doxorubicin (including liposomal formulation, such as Caelyx™) daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin and nemorubicin, the anthraquinones mitoxantrone and losoxantrone, and the podophillotoxines etoposide and teniposide. Etoposide is marketed under the trade name Etopophos™. Teniposide is marketed under the trade name VM 26-Bristol Doxorubicin is marketed under the trade name Acriblastin™ or Adriamycin™. Epirubicin is marketed under the trade name Farmorubicin™. Idarubicin is marketed. under the trade name Zavedos™. Mitoxantrone is marketed under the trade name Novantron.

The term “microtubule active agent” relates to microtubule stabilizing, microtubule destabilizing compounds and microtublin polymerization inhibitors including, but not limited to taxanes, such as paclitaxel and docetaxel; vinca alkaloids, such as vinblastine or vinblastine sulfate, vincristine or vincristine sulfate, and vinorelbine; discodermolides; cochicine and epothilones and derivatives thereof. Paclitaxel is marketed under the trade name Taxol™ Docetaxel is marketed under the trade name Taxotere™. Vinblastine sulfate is marketed under the trade name Vinblastin R.P™. Vincristine sulfate is marketed under the trade name Farmistin™.

The term “alkylating agent” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan or nitrosourea (BCNU or Gliadel). Cyclophosphamide is marketed under the trade name Cyclostin™. Ifosfamide is marketed under the trade name Holoxan™.

The term “histone deacetylase inhibitors” or “HDAC inhibitors” relates to compounds which inhibit the histone deacetylase and which possess antiproliferative activity. This includes, but is not limited to, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA).

The term “antineoplastic antimetabolite” includes, but is not limited to, 5-fluorouracil or 5-FU, capecitabine, gemcitabine, DNA demethylating compounds, such as 5-azacytidine and decitabine, methotrexate and edatrexate, and folic acid antagonists such as pemetrexed. Capecitabine is marketed under the trade name Xeloda™. Gemcitabine is marketed under the trade name Gemzar™.

The term “platin compound” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, carboplatin, cis-platin, cisplatinum and oxaliplatin. Carboplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Carboplat™. Oxaliplatin can be administered, e.g., in the form as it is marketed, e.g. under the trademark Eloxatin™.

The term “Bcl-2 inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2), including but not limited to ABT-199, ABT-731, ABT-737, apogossypol, Ascenta's pan-Bcl-2 inhibitors, curcumin (and analogs thereof), dual Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitors (Infinity Pharmaceuticals/Novartis Pharmaceuticals), Genasense (G3139), HA14-1 (and analogs thereof; see WO 2008/118802, US 2010/0197686), navitoclax (and analogs thereof, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,390,799), NH-1 (Shenayng Pharmaceutical University), obatoclax (and analogs thereof, see WO 2004/106328, US 2005/0014802), S-001 (Gloria Pharmaceuticals), TW series compounds (Univ. of Michigan), and venetoclax. In some embodiments the Bcl-2 inhibitor is a small molecule therapeutic. In some embodiments the Bcl-2 inhibitor is a peptidomimetic.

The term “compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity; or a protein or lipid phosphatase activity; or further anti-angiogenic compounds” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, protein tyrosine kinase and/or serine and/or threonine kinase inhibitors or lipid kinase inhibitors, such as a) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the platelet-derived growth factor-receptors (PDGFR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of PDGFR, especially compounds which inhibit the PDGF receptor, such as an N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, such as imatinib, SU101, SU6668 and GFB-111; b) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the fibroblast growth factor-receptors (FGFR); c) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of IGF-IR, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of IGF-I receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of IGF-I receptor or its growth factors; d) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Trk receptor tyrosine kinase family, or ephrin B4 inhibitors; e) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the AxI receptor tyrosine kinase family; f) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase; g) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Kit/SCFR receptor tyrosine kinase, such as imatinib; h) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the C-kit receptor tyrosine kinases, which are part of the PDGFR family, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase family, especially compounds which inhibit the c-Kit receptor, such as imatinib; i) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the c-Abl family, their gene-fusion products (e.g. BCR-Abl kinase) and mutants, such as compounds which target decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Abl family members and their gene fusion products, such as an N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, such as imatinib or nilotinib (AMN107); PD180970; AG957; NSC 680410; PD173955 from ParkeDavis; or dasatinib (BMS-354825); j) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf family of serine/threonine kinases, members of the MEK, SRC, JAK/pan-JAK, FAK, PDK1, PKB/Akt, Ras/MAPK, PI3K, SYK, TYK2, BTK and TEC family, and/or members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family (CDK) including staurosporine derivatives, such as midostaurin; examples of further compounds include UCN-01, safingol, BAY 43-9006, Bryostatin 1, Perifosine; llmofosine; RO 318220 and RO 320432; GO 6976; sis 3521; LY333531/LY379196; isochinoline compounds; FTIs; PD184352 or QAN697 (a P13K inhibitor) or AT7519 (CDK inhibitor); k) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors include imatinib mesylate (Gleevec™) or tyrphostin such as Tyrphostin A23/RG-50810; AG 99; Tyrphostin AG 213; Tyrphostin AG 1748; Tyrphostin AG 490; Tyrphostin B44; Tyrphostin B44 (+) enantiomer; Tyrphostin AG 555; AG 494; Tyrphostin AG 556, AG957 and adaphostin (4-{[(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]amino}-benzoic acid adamantyl ester; NSC 680410, adaphostin); 1) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR₁ ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 as homo- or heterodimers) and their mutants, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor family are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase family, such as EGF receptor, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 or bind to EGF or EGF related ligands, CP 358774, ZD 1839, ZM 105180; trastuzumab (Herceptin™), cetuximab (Erbitux™), Iressa, Tarceva, OSI-774, Cl-1033, EKB-569, GW-2016, E1.1, E2.4, E2.5, E6.2, E6.4, E2.11, E6.3 or E7.6.3, and 7H-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives; m) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the c-Met receptor, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Met, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of c-Met receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of c-Met or bind to HGF, n) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the kinase activity of one or more JAK family members (JAK1/JAK2/JAK3/TYK2 and/or pan-JAK), including but not limited to PRT-062070, SB-1578, baricitinib, pacritinib, momelotinib, VX-509, AZD-1480, TG-101348, tofacitinib, and ruxolitinib; o) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the kinase activity of PI3 kinase (P13K) including but not limited to ATU-027, SF-1126, DS-7423, PBI-05204, GSK-2126458, ZSTK-474, buparlisib, pictrelisib, PF-4691502, BYL-719, dactolisib, XL-147, XL-765, and idelalisib; and; and q) compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the signaling effects of hedgehog protein (Hh) or smoothened receptor (SMO) pathways, including but not limited to cyclopamine, vismodegib, itraconazole, erismodegib, and IPI-926 (saridegib).

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase are e.g. inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, or CDC25, such as okadaic acid or a derivative thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is a growth factor antagonist, such as an antagonist of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), or epidermal growth factor (EGF) or its receptor (EGFR). Approved PDGF antagonists which may be used in the present invention include olaratumab (Lartruvo®; Eli Lilly). Approved EGFR antagonists which may be used in the present invention include cetuximab (Erbitux®, Eli Lilly); necitumumab (Portrazza®, Eli Lilly), panitumumab (Vectibix®, Amgen); and osimertinib (targeting activated EGFR, Tagrisso®, AstraZeneca).

The term “PI3K inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against one or more enzymes in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase family, including, but not limited to PI3Kα, PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, PI3Kβ, PI3K-C2α, PI3K-C2β, PI3K-C2γ, Vps34, p110-α, p110-β, p110-γ, p110-δ, p85-α, p85-β, p55-γ, p150, p101, and p87. Examples of PI3K inhibitors useful in this invention include but are not limited to ATU-027, SF-1126, DS-7423, PBI-05204, GSK-2126458, ZSTK-474, buparlisib, pictrelisib, PF-4691502, BYL-719, dactolisib, XL-147, XL-765, and idelalisib.

The term “BTK inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), including, but not limited to AVL-292 and ibrutinib.

The term “SYK inhibitor” as used herein includes, but is not limited to compounds having inhibitory activity against spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), including but not limited to PRT-062070, R-343, R-333, Excellair, PRT-062607, and fostamatinib

Further examples of BTK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO 2008/039218, US 2008/0108636 and WO 2011/090760, US 2010/0249092, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Further examples of SYK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO 2003/063794, US 2004/0029902, WO 2005/007623, US 2005/0075306, and WO 2006/078846, US 2006/0211657, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Further examples of PI3K inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO 2004/019973, US 2004/0106569, WO 2004/089925, US 2004/0242631, U.S. Pat. No. 8,138,347, WO 2002/088112, US 2004/0116421, WO 2007/084786, US 2010/0249126, WO 2007/129161, US 2008/0076768, WO 2006/122806, US 2008/0194579, WO 2005/113554, US 2008/0275067, and WO 2007/044729, US 2010/0087440, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Further examples of JAK inhibitory compounds, and conditions treatable by such compounds in combination with compounds of this invention can be found in WO 2009/114512, US 2009/0233903, WO 2008/109943, US 2010/0197671, WO 2007/053452, US 2007/0191405, WO 2001/0142246, US 2001/0053782, and WO 2007/070514, US 2007/0135461, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Further anti-angiogenic compounds include compounds having another mechanism for their activity, e.g. unrelated to protein or lipid kinase inhibition e.g. thalidomide (Thalomid™) and TNP-470.

Examples of proteasome inhibitors useful for use in combination with compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to bortezomib, disulfiram, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), salinosporamide A, carfilzomib, ONX-0912, CEP-18770, and MLN9708.

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase are e.g. inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, or CDC25, such as okadaic acid or a derivative thereof.

Compounds which induce cell differentiation processes include, but are not limited to, retinoic acid, α- γ- or δ-tocopherol or α- γ- or δ-tocotrienol.

The term cyclooxygenase inhibitor as used herein includes, but is not limited to, Cox-2 inhibitors, 5-alkyl substituted 2-arylaminophenylacetic acid and derivatives, such as celecoxib (Celebrex™), rofecoxib (Vioxx™), etoricoxib, valdecoxib or a 5-alkyl-2-arylaminophenylacetic acid, such as 5-methyl-2-(2′-chloro-6′-fluoroanilino)phenyl acetic acid, lumiracoxib.

The term “bisphosphonates” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, etridonic, clodronic, tiludronic, pamidronic, alendronic, ibandronic, risedronic and zoledronic acid. Etridonic acid is marketed under the trade name Didronel™. Clodronic acid is marketed under the trade name Bonefos™. Tiludronic acid is marketed under the trade name Skelid™. Pamidronic acid is marketed under the trade name Aredia™. Alendronic acid is marketed under the trade name Fosamax™. Ibandronic acid is marketed under the trade name Bondranat™. Risedronic acid is marketed under the trade name Actonel™. Zoledronic acid is marketed under the trade name Zometa™. The term “mTOR inhibitors” relates to compounds which inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and which possess antiproliferative activity such as sirolimus (Rapamune®), everolimus (Certican™), CCI-779 and ABT578.

The term “heparanase inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit heparin sulfate degradation. The term includes, but is not limited to, PI-88. The term “biological response modifier” as used herein refers to a lymphokine or interferons.

The term “inhibitor of Ras oncogenic isoforms”, such as H-Ras, K-Ras, or N-Ras, as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the oncogenic activity of Ras; for example, a “farnesyl transferase inhibitor” such as L-744832, DK8G557 or R¹¹⁵⁷⁷⁷ (Zarnestra™). The term “telomerase inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase are especially compounds which inhibit the telomerase receptor, such as telomestatin.

The term “methionine aminopeptidase inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase include, but are not limited to, bengamide or a derivative thereof.

The term “proteasome inhibitor” as used herein refers to compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome include, but are not limited to, Bortezomib (Velcade™); carfilzomib (Kyprolis®, Amgen); and ixazomib (Ninlaro®, Takeda), and MLN 341.

The term “matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor” or (“MMP” inhibitor) as used herein includes, but is not limited to, collagen peptidomimetic and nonpeptidomimetic inhibitors, tetracycline derivatives, e.g. hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat and its orally bioavailable analogue marimastat (BB-2516), prinomastat (AG3340), metastat (NSC 683551) BMS-279251, BAY 12-9566, TAA211, MM1270B or AAJ996.

The term “compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, FMS-like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which are compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R); interferon, 1-β-D-arabinofuransylcytosine (ara-c) and bisulfan; and ALK inhibitors, which are compounds which target, decrease or inhibit anaplastic lymphoma kinase.

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R) are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the Flt-3R receptor kinase family, such as PKC412, midostaurin, a staurosporine derivative, SU11248 and MLN518.

The term “HSP90 inhibitors” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90; degrading, targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the HSP90 client proteins via the ubiquitin proteosome pathway. Compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP90 are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit the ATPase activity of HSP90, such as 17-allylamino, 17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), a geldanamycin derivative; other geldanamycin related compounds; radicicol and HDAC inhibitors.

The term “antiproliferative antibodies” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin™), Trastuzumab-DM1, erbitux, bevacizumab (Avastin™), rituximab (Rituxan®), PR064553 (anti-CD40) and 2C4 Antibody. By antibodies is meant intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibodies fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.

For the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), compounds of the current invention can be used in combination with standard leukemia therapies, especially in combination with therapies used for the treatment of AML. In particular, compounds of the current invention can be administered in combination with, for example, farnesyl transferase inhibitors and/or other drugs useful for the treatment of AML, such as Daunorubicin, Adriamycin, Ara-C, VP-16, Teniposide, Mitoxantrone, Idarubicin, Carboplatinum and PKC412.

Other anti-leukemic compounds include, for example, Ara-C, a pyrimidine analog, which is the 2′-alpha-hydroxy ribose (arabinoside) derivative of deoxycytidine. Also included is the purine analog of hypoxanthine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and fludarabine phosphate. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as sodium butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibit the activity of the enzymes known as histone deacetylases. Specific HDAC inhibitors include MS275, SAHA, FK228 (formerly FR901228), Trichostatin A and compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,065 including, but not limited to, N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and N-hydroxy-3-[4-[(2-hydroxyethyl){2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, especially the lactate salt. Somatostatin receptor antagonists as used herein refer to compounds which target, treat or inhibit the somatostatin receptor such as octreotide, and SOM230. Tumor cell damaging approaches refer to approaches such as ionizing radiation. The term “ionizing radiation” referred to above and hereinafter means ionizing radiation that occurs as either electromagnetic rays (such as X-rays and gamma rays) or particles (such as alpha and beta particles). Ionizing radiation is provided in, but not limited to, radiation therapy and is known in the art. See Hellman, Principles of Radiation Therapy, Cancer, in Principles and Practice of Oncology, Devita et al., Eds., 4^(th) Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 248-275 (1993).

Also included are EDG binders and ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors. The term “EDG binders” as used herein refers to a class of immunosuppressants that modulates lymphocyte recirculation, such as FTY720. The term “ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors” refers to pyrimidine or purine nucleoside analogs including, but not limited to, fludarabine and/or cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), 6-thioguanine, 5-fluorouracil, cladribine, 6-mercaptopurine (especially in combination with ara-C against ALL) and/or pentostatin. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are especially hydroxyurea or 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives.

Also included are in particular those compounds, proteins or monoclonal antibodies of VEGF such as 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine succinate; Angiostatin™; Endostatin™; anthranilic acid amides; ZD4190; ZD6474; SU5416; SU6668; bevacizumab; or anti-VEGF antibodies or anti-VEGF receptor antibodies, such as rhuMAb and RHUFab, VEGF aptamer such as Macugon; FLT-4 inhibitors, FLT-3 inhibitors, VEGFR-2 IgGI antibody, Angiozyme (RPI 4610) and Bevacizumab (Avastin™).

Photodynamic therapy as used herein refers to therapy which uses certain chemicals known as photosensitizing compounds to treat or prevent cancers. Examples of photodynamic therapy include treatment with compounds, such as Visudyne™ and porfimer sodium.

Angiostatic steroids as used herein refers to compounds which block or inhibit angiogenesis, such as, e.g., anecortave, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, 11-α-epihydrocotisol, cortexolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, testosterone, estrone and dexamethasone.

Implants containing corticosteroids refers to compounds, such as fluocinolone and dexamethasone.

Other chemotherapeutic compounds include, but are not limited to, plant alkaloids, hormonal compounds and antagonists; biological response modifiers, preferably lymphokines or interferons; antisense oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide derivatives; shRNA or siRNA; or miscellaneous compounds or compounds with other or unknown mechanism of action.

The compounds of the invention are also useful as co-therapeutic compounds for use in combination with other drug substances such as anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory or antihistamine drug substances, particularly in the treatment of obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases such as those mentioned hereinbefore, for example as potentiators of therapeutic activity of such drugs or as a means of reducing required dosaging or potential side effects of such drugs. A compound of the invention may be mixed with the other drug substance in a fixed pharmaceutical composition or it may be administered separately, before, simultaneously with or after the other drug substance. Accordingly the invention includes a combination of a compound of the invention as hereinbefore described with an anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, antihistamine or anti-tussive drug substance, said compound of the invention and said drug substance being in the same or different pharmaceutical composition.

Suitable anti-inflammatory drugs include steroids, in particular glucocorticosteroids such as budesonide, beclamethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide or mometasone furoate; non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists; LTB4 antagonists such LY293111, CGS025019C, CP-195543, SC-53228, BIIL 284, ONO 4057, SB 209247; LTD4 antagonists such as montelukast and zafirlukast; PDE4 inhibitors such cilomilast (Ariflo® GlaxoSmithKline), Roflumilast (Byk Gulden), V-11294A (Napp), BAY19-8004 (Bayer), SCH-351591 (Schering-Plough), Arofylline (Almirall Prodesfarma), PD189659/PD168787 (Parke-Davis), AWD-12-281 (Asta Medica), CDC-801 (Celgene), SeICID™ CC-10004 (Celgene), VM554/UM565 (Vernalis), T-440 (Tanabe), KW-4490 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo); A2a agonists; A2b antagonists; and beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists such as albuterol (salbutamol), metaproterenol, terbutaline, salmeterol fenoterol, procaterol, and especially, formoterol and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Suitable bronchodilatory drugs include anticholinergic or antimuscarinic compounds, in particular ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, tiotropium salts and CHF 4226 (Chiesi), and glycopyrrolate.

Suitable antihistamine drug substances include cetirizine hydrochloride, acetaminophen, clemastine fumarate, promethazine, loratidine, desloratidine, diphenhydramine and fexofenadine hydrochloride, activastine, astemizole, azelastine, ebastine, epinastine, mizolastine and tefenadine.

Other useful combinations of compounds of the invention with anti-inflammatory drugs are those with antagonists of chemokine receptors, e.g. CCR-1, CCR-2, CCR-3, CCR-4, CCR-5, CCR-6, CCR-7, CCR-8, CCR-9 and CCR10, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, particularly CCR-5 antagonists such as Schering-Plough antagonists SC-351125, SCH-55700 and SCH-D, and Takeda antagonists such as N-[[4-[[[6,7-dihydro-2-(4-methylphenyl)-5H-benzo-cyclohepten-8-yl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-methyl]tetrahydro-N,N-dimethyl-2H-pyran-4-aminium chloride (TAK-770).

The structure of the active compounds identified by code numbers, generic or trade names may be taken from the actual edition of the standard compendium “The Merck Index” or from databases, e.g. Patents International (e.g. IMS World Publications).

A compound of the current invention may also be used in combination with known therapeutic processes, for example, the administration of hormones or radiation. In certain embodiments, a provided compound is used as a radiosensitizer, especially for the treatment of tumors which exhibit poor sensitivity to radiotherapy.

A compound of the current invention can be administered alone or in combination with one or more other therapeutic compounds, possible combination therapy taking the form of fixed combinations or the administration of a compound of the invention and one or more other therapeutic compounds being staggered or given independently of one another, or the combined administration of fixed combinations and one or more other therapeutic compounds. A compound of the current invention can besides or in addition be administered especially for tumor therapy in combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, surgical intervention, or a combination of these. Long-term therapy is equally possible as is adjuvant therapy in the context of other treatment strategies, as described above. Other possible treatments are therapy to maintain the patient's status after tumor regression, or even chemopreventive therapy, for example in patients at risk.

Those additional agents may be administered separately from an inventive compound-containing composition, as part of a multiple dosage regimen. Alternatively, those agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with a compound of this invention in a single composition. If administered as part of a multiple dosage regime, the two active agents may be submitted simultaneously, sequentially or within a period of time from one another normally within five hours from one another.

As used herein, the term “combination,” “combined,” and related terms refers to the simultaneous or sequential administration of therapeutic agents in accordance with this invention. For example, a compound of the present invention may be administered with another therapeutic agent simultaneously or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms or together in a single unit dosage form. Accordingly, the present invention provides a single unit dosage form comprising a compound of the current invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.

The amount of both an inventive compound and additional therapeutic agent (in those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent as described above) that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Preferably, compositions of this invention should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg/kg body weight/day of an inventive compound can be administered.

In those compositions which comprise an additional therapeutic agent, that additional therapeutic agent and the compound of this invention may act synergistically. Therefore, the amount of additional therapeutic agent in such compositions will be less than that required in a monotherapy utilizing only that therapeutic agent. In such compositions a dosage of between 0.01-1,000 μg/kg body weight/day of the additional therapeutic agent can be administered.

The amount of one or more other therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention may be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent. Preferably the amount of one or more other therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent. In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is administered at a dosage of about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, or about 95% of the amount normally administered for that agent. As used herein, the phrase “normally administered” means the amount an FDA approved therapeutic agent is approved for dosing per the FDA label insert.

The compounds of this invention, or pharmaceutical compositions thereof, may also be incorporated into compositions for coating an implantable medical device, such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents and catheters. Vascular stents, for example, have been used to overcome restenosis (re-narrowing of the vessel wall after injury). However, patients using stents or other implantable devices risk clot formation or platelet activation. These unwanted effects may be prevented or mitigated by pre-coating the device with a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a kinase inhibitor. Implantable devices coated with a compound of this invention are another embodiment of the present invention.

Exemplary Immuno-Oncology Agents

In some embodiments, one or more other therapeutic agent is an immuno-oncology agent. As used herein, the term “an immuno-oncology agent” refers to an agent which is effective to enhance, stimulate, and/or up-regulate immune responses in a subject. In some embodiments, the administration of an immuno-oncology agent with a compound of the invention has a synergic effect in treating a cancer.

An immuno-oncology agent can be, for example, a small molecule drug, an antibody, or a biologic or small molecule. Examples of biologic immuno-oncology agents include, but are not limited to, cancer vaccines, antibodies, and cytokines. In some embodiments, an antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody is humanized or human.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is (i) an agonist of a stimulatory (including a co-stimulatory) receptor or (ii) an antagonist of an inhibitory (including a co-inhibitory) signal on T cells, both of which result in amplifying antigen-specific T cell responses.

Certain of the stimulatory and inhibitory molecules are members of the immunoglobulin super family (IgSF). One important family of membrane-bound ligands that bind to co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is the B7 family, which includes B7-1, B7-2, B7-H1 (PD-L1), B7-DC (PD-L2), B7-H2 (ICOS-L), B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5 (VISTA), and B7-H6. Another family of membrane bound ligands that bind to co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is the TNF family of molecules that bind to cognate TNF receptor family members, which includes CD40 and CD40L, OX-40, OX-40L, CD70, CD27L, CD30, CD30L, 4-1BBL, CD137 (4-1B), TRAIL/Apo2-L, TRAILR1/DR4, TRAILR2/DR5, TRAILR3, TRAILR4, OPG, RANK, RANKL, TWEAKR/Fn4, TWEAK, BAFFR, EDAR, XEDAR, TACI, APRIL, BCMA, LTOR, LIGHT, DcR3, HVEM, VEGI/TL1A, TRAMP/DR3, EDAR, EDA1, XEDAR, EDA2, TNFR1, Lymphotoxin α/TNFβ, TNFR2, TNFα, LTOR, Lymphotoxin α1β2, FAS, FASL, RELT, DR6, TROY, NGFR.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a cytokine that inhibits T cell activation (e.g., IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, VEGF, and other immunosuppressive cytokines) or a cytokine that stimulates T cell activation, for stimulating an immune response.

In some embodiments, a combination of a compound of the invention and an immuno-oncology agent can stimulate T cell responses. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is: (i) an antagonist of a protein that inhibits T cell activation (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors) such as CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, LAG-3, TIM-3, Galectin 9, CEACAM-1, BTLA, CD69, Galectin-1, TIGIT, CD113, GPR56, VISTA, 2B4, CD48, GARP, PD1H, LAIR1, TIM-1, and TIM-4; or (ii) an agonist of a protein that stimulates T cell activation such as B7-1, B7-2, CD28, 4-1BB (CD137), 4-1BBL, ICOS, ICOS-L, OX40, OX40L, GITR, GITRL, CD70, CD27, CD40, DR3 and CD28H.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antagonist of inhibitory receptors on NK cells or an agonists of activating receptors on NK cells. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antagonists of KIRK, such as lirilumab.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an agent that inhibits or depletes macrophages or monocytes, including but not limited to CSF-1R antagonists such as CSF-1R antagonist antibodies including RG7155 (WO 2011/070024, US 2011/0165156, WO 2011/0107553, US 2012/0329997, WO 2011/131407, US 2013/0005949, WO 2013/087699, US 2014/0336363, WO 2013/119716, WO 2013/132044, US 2014/0079706) or FPA-008 (WO 2011/140249, US 2011/0274683; WO 2013/169264; WO 2014/036357, US 2014/0079699).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from agonistic agents that ligate positive costimulatory receptors, blocking agents that attenuate signaling through inhibitory receptors, antagonists, and one or more agents that increase systemically the frequency of anti-tumor T cells, agents that overcome distinct immune suppressive pathways within the tumor microenvironment (e.g., block inhibitory receptor engagement (e.g., PD-L1/PD-1 interactions), deplete or inhibit Tregs (e.g., using an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (e.g., daclizumab) or by ex vivo anti-CD25 bead depletion), inhibit metabolic enzymes such as IDO, or reverse/prevent T cell energy or exhaustion) and agents that trigger innate immune activation and/or inflammation at tumor sites.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CTLA-4 antagonist. In some embodiments, a CTLA-4 antagonist is an antagonistic CTLA-4 antibody. In some embodiments, an antagonistic CTLA-4 antibody is YERVOY (ipilimumab) or tremelimumab.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a PD-1 antagonist. In some embodiments, a PD-1 antagonist is administered by infusion. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that binds specifically to a Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) receptor and inhibits PD-1 activity. In some embodiments, a PD-1 antagonist is an antagonistic PD-1 antibody. In some embodiments, an antagonistic PD-1 antibody is OPDIVO (nivolumab), KEYTRUDA (pembrolizumab), or MEDI-0680 (AMP-514; WO2012/145493). In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent may be pidilizumab (CT-011). In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a recombinant protein composed of the extracellular domain of PD-L2 (B7-DC) fused to the Fc portion of IgG, called AMP-224.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a PD-L1 antagonist. In some embodiments, a PD-L1 antagonist is an antagonistic PD-L1 antibody. In some embodiments, a PD-L1 antibody is MPDL3280A (RG7446; WO 2010/077634, US 2010/0203056), durvalumab (MEDI4736), BMS-936559 (WO 2007/005874, US 2009/0055944), and MSB0010718C (WO 2013/079174, US 2014/0341917).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a LAG-3 antagonist. In some embodiments, a LAG-3 antagonist is an antagonistic LAG-3 antibody. In some embodiments, a LAG3 antibody is BMS-986016 (WO 2010/019570, US 2010/0150892, WO 2014/008218, US 2014/0093511), or IMP-731 or IMP-321 (WO 2008/132601, US 2010/0233183, WO 2009/044273, US 2011/0008331).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD137 (4-1BB) agonist. In some embodiments, a CD137 (4-1BB) agonist is an agonistic CD137 antibody. In some embodiments, a CD137 antibody is urelumab or PF-05082566 (WO12/32433).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a GITR agonist. In some embodiments, a GITR agonist is an agonistic GITR antibody. In some embodiments, a GITR antibody is BMS-986153, BMS-986156, TRX-518 (WO 2006/105021, US 2007/0098719, WO 2009/009116, US 2009/0136494), or MK-4166 (WO 2011/028683, US 2012/0189639).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an indoleamine (2,3)-dioxygenase (IDO) antagonist. In some embodiments, an IDO antagonist is selected from epacadostat (INCB024360, Incyte); indoximod (NLG-8189, NewLink Genetics Corporation); capmanitib (INC280, Novartis); GDC-0919 (Genentech/Roche); PF-06840003 (Pfizer); BMS:F001287 (Bristol-Myers Squibb); Phy906/KD108 (Phytoceutica); an enzyme that breaks down kynurenine (Kynase, Kyn Therapeutics); and NLG-919 (WO 2009/073620, US 2011/0053941, WO 2009/132238, US 2011/0136796, WO 2011/056652, US 2012/0277217, WO 2012/142237, US 2014/0066625).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an OX40 agonist. In some embodiments, an OX40 agonist is an agonistic OX40 antibody. In some embodiments, an OX40 antibody is MEDI-6383 or MEDI-6469.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an OX40L antagonist. In some embodiments, an OX40L antagonist is an antagonistic OX40 antibody. In some embodiments, an OX40L antagonist is RG-7888 (WO 2006/029879, U.S. Pat. No. 7,501,496).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD40 agonist. In some embodiments, a CD40 agonist is an agonistic CD40 antibody. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD40 antagonist. In some embodiments, a CD40 antagonist is an antagonistic CD40 antibody. In some embodiments, a CD40 antibody is lucatumumab or dacetuzumab.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a CD27 agonist. In some embodiments, a CD27 agonist is an agonistic CD27 antibody. In some embodiments, a CD27 antibody is varlilumab.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is MGA271 (to B7H3) (WO 2011/109400, US 2013/0149236).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is abagovomab, adecatumumab, afutuzumab, alemtuzumab, anatumomab mafenatox, apolizumab, atezolimab, avelumab, blinatumomab, BMS-936559, catumaxomab, durvalumab, epacadostat, epratuzumab, indoximod, inotuzumab ozogamicin, intelumumab, ipilimumab, isatuximab, lambrolizumab, MED14736, MPDL3280A, nivolumab, obinutuzumab, ocaratuzumab, ofatumumab, olatatumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, rituximab, ticilimumab, samalizumab, or tremelimumab.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an immunostimulatory agent. For example, antibodies blocking the PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitory axis can unleash activated tumor-reactive T cells and have been shown in clinical trials to induce durable anti-tumor responses in increasing numbers of tumor histologies, including some tumor types that conventionally have not been considered immunotherapy sensitive. See, e.g., Okazaki, T. et al. (2013) Nat. Immunol. 14, 1212-1218; Zou et al. (2016) Sci. Transl. Med. 8. The anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab (Opdivo®, Bristol-Myers Squibb, also known as ONO-4538, MDX1106 and BMS-936558), has shown potential to improve the overall survival in patients with RCC who had experienced disease progression during or after prior anti-angiogenic therapy.

In some embodiments, the immunomodulatory therapeutic specifically induces apoptosis of tumor cells. Approved immunomodulatory therapeutics which may be used in the present invention include pomalidomide (Pomalyst®, Celgene); lenalidomide (Revlimid®, Celgene); ingenol mebutate (Picato®, LEO Pharma).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a cancer vaccine. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is selected from sipuleucel-T (Provenge®, Dendreon/Valeant Pharmaceuticals), which has been approved for treatment of asymptomatic, or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate-resistant (hormone-refractory) prostate cancer; and talimogene laherparepvec (Imlygic®, BioVex/Amgen, previously known as T-VEC), a genetically modified oncolytic viral therapy approved for treatment of unresectable cutaneous, subcutaneous and nodal lesions in melanoma. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from an oncolytic viral therapy such as pexastimogene devacirepvec (PexaVec/JX-594, SillaJen/formerly Jennerex Biotherapeutics), a thymidine kinase- (TK-) deficient vaccinia virus engineered to express GM-CSF, for hepatocellular carcinoma (NCT02562755) and melanoma (NCT00429312); pelareorep (Reolysin®, Oncolytics Biotech), a variant of respiratory enteric orphan virus (reovirus) which does not replicate in cells that are not RAS-activated, in numerous cancers, including colorectal cancer (NCT01622543); prostate cancer (NCT01619813); head and neck squamous cell cancer (NCT01166542); pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NCT00998322); and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (NCT 00861627); enadenotucirev (NG-348, PsiOxus, formerly known as ColoAdl), an adenovirus engineered to express a full length CD80 and an antibody fragment specific for the T-cell receptor CD3 protein, in ovarian cancer (NCT02028117); metastatic or advanced epithelial tumors such as in colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and salivary gland cancer (NCT02636036); ONCOS-102 (Targovax/formerly Oncos), an adenovirus engineered to express GM-CSF, in melanoma (NCT03003676); and peritoneal disease, colorectal cancer or ovarian cancer (NCT02963831); GL-ONC1 (GLV-lh68/GLV-lh153, Genelux GmbH), vaccinia viruses engineered to express beta-galactosidase (beta-gal)/beta-glucoronidase or beta-gal/human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS), respectively, were studied in peritoneal carcinomatosis (NCT01443260); fallopian tube cancer, ovarian cancer (NCT 02759588); or CG0070 (Cold Genesys), an adenovirus engineered to express GM-CSF, in bladder cancer (NCT02365818).

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from JX-929 (SillaJen/formerly Jennerex Biotherapeutics), a TK- and vaccinia growth factor-deficient vaccinia virus engineered to express cytosine deaminase, which is able to convert the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine to the cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil; TG01 and TG02 (Targovax/formerly Oncos), peptide-based immunotherapy agents targeted for difficult-to-treat RAS mutations; and TILT-123 (TILT Biotherapeutics), an engineered adenovirus designated: Ad5/3-E2F-delta24-hTNFa-IRES-hIL20; and VSV-GP (ViraTherapeutics) a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) engineered to express the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which can be further engineered to express antigens designed to raise an antigen-specific CD8+ T cell response.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a T-cell engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR. The T-cells engineered to express such chimeric antigen receptor are referred to as a CAR-T cells.

CARs have been constructed that consist of binding domains, which may be derived from natural ligands, single chain variable fragments (scFv) derived from monoclonal antibodies specific for cell-surface antigens, fused to endodomains that are the functional end of the T-cell receptor (TCR), such as the CD3-zeta signaling domain from TCRs, which is capable of generating an activation signal in T lymphocytes. Upon antigen binding, such CARs link to endogenous signaling pathways in the effector cell and generate activating signals similar to those initiated by the TCR complex.

For example, in some embodiments the CAR-T cell is one of those described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,906,682, the entirety of each of which is herein incorporated by reference, which discloses CAR-T cells engineered to comprise an extracellular domain having an antigen binding domain (such as a domain that binds to CD19), fused to an intracellular signaling domain of the T cell antigen receptor complex zeta chain (such as CD3 zeta). When expressed in the T cell, the CAR is able to redirect antigen recognition based on the antigen binding specificity. In the case of CD19, the antigen is expressed on malignant B cells. Over 200 clinical trials are currently in progress employing CAR-T in a wide range of indications. [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=chimeric+antigen+receptors&pg=1].

In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is an activator of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγt). RORγt is a transcription factor with key roles in the differentiation and maintenance of Type 17 effector subsets of CD4+(Thl7) and CD8+(Tc17) T cells, as well as the differentiation of IL-17 expressing innate immune cell subpopulations such as NK cells. In some embodiments, an activator of RORγt is LYC-55716 (Lycera), which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors (NCT02929862).

In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is an agonist or activator of a toll-like receptor (TLR). Suitable activators of TLRs include an agonist or activator of TLR9 such as SD-101 (Dynavax). SD-101 is an immunostimulatory CpG which is being studied for B-cell, follicular and other lymphomas (NCT02254772). Agonists or activators of TLR8 which may be used in the present invention include motolimod (VTX-2337, VentiRx Pharmaceuticals) which is being studied for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (NCT02124850) and ovarian cancer (NCT02431559).

Other immuno-oncology agents that may be used in the present invention include urelumab (BMS-663513, Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody; varlilumab (CDX-1127, Celldex Therapeutics), an anti-CD27 monoclonal antibody; BMS-986178 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-OX40 monoclonal antibody; lirilumab (IPH2102/BMS-986015, Innate Pharma, Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-KIR monoclonal antibody; monalizumab (IPH2201, Innate Pharma, AstraZeneca) an anti-NKG2A monoclonal antibody; andecaliximab (GS-5745, Gilead Sciences), an anti-MMP9 antibody; MK-4166 (Merck & Co.), an anti-GITR monoclonal antibody.

In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is selected from elotuzumab, mifamurtide, an agonist or activator of a toll-like receptor, and an activator of RORγt.

In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory therapeutic is recombinant human interleukin 15 (rhIL-15). rhIL-15 has been tested in the clinic as a therapy for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma (NCT01021059 and NCT01369888) and leukemias (NCT02689453). In some embodiments, an immunostimulatory agent is recombinant human interleukin 12 (rhIL-12). In some embodiments, an IL-15 based immunotherapeutic is heterodimeric IL-15 (hetIL-15, Novartis/Admune), a fusion complex composed of a synthetic form of endogenous IL-15 complexed to the soluble IL-15 binding protein IL-15 receptor alpha chain (IL15:sIL-15RA), which has been tested in Phase 1 clinical trials for melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (NCT02452268). In some embodiments, a recombinant human interleukin 12 (rhIL-12) is NM-IL-12 (Neumedicines, Inc.), NCT02544724, or NCT02542124.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from those descripted in Jerry L. Adams ET. AL., “Big opportunities for small molecules in immuno-oncology,” Cancer Therapy 2015, Vol. 14, pages 603-622, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from the examples described in Table 1 of Jerry L. Adams ET. AL. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a small molecule targeting an immuno-oncology target selected from those listed in Table 2 of Jerry L. Adams ET. AL. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a small molecule agent selected from those listed in Table 2 of Jerry L. Adams ET. AL.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from the small molecule immuno-oncology agents described in Peter L. Toogood, “Small molecule immuno-oncology therapeutic agents,” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2018, Vol. 28, pages 319-329, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an agent targeting the pathways as described in Peter L. Toogood.

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is selected from those described in Sandra L. Ross et al., “Bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody constructs can mediate bystander tumor cell killing”, PLoS ONE 12(8): e0183390, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct. In some embodiments, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct is a CD19/CD3 bispecific antibody construct. In some embodiments, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct is an EGFR/CD3 bispecific antibody construct. In some embodiments, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct activates T cells. In some embodiments, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct activates T cells, which release cytokines inducing upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and FAS on bystander cells. In some embodiments, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE®) antibody construct activates T cells which result in induced bystander cell lysis. In some embodiments, the bystander cells are in solid tumors. In some embodiments, the bystander cells being lysed are in proximity to the BiTE®-activated T cells. In some embodiment, the bystander cells comprises tumor-associated antigen (TAA) negative cancer cells. In some embodiment, the bystander cells comprise EGFR-negative cancer cells. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an antibody which blocks the PD-L1/PD1 axis and/or CTLA4. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an ex-vivo expanded tumor-infiltrating T cell. In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is a bispecific antibody construct or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that directly connect T cells with tumor-associated surface antigens (TAAs).

Exemplary Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

In some embodiments, an immuno-oncology agent is an immune checkpoint inhibitor as described herein.

The term “checkpoint inhibitor” as used herein relates to agents useful in preventing cancer cells from avoiding the immune system of the patient. One of the major mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity subversion is known as “T-cell exhaustion,” which results from chronic exposure to antigens that has led to up-regulation of inhibitory receptors. These inhibitory receptors serve as immune checkpoints in order to prevent uncontrolled immune reactions.

PD-1 and co-inhibitory receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4, B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA; CD272), T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain-3 (Tim-3), Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (Lag-3; CD223), and others are often referred to as a checkpoint regulators. They act as molecular “gatekeepers” that allow extracellular information to dictate whether cell cycle progression and other intracellular signaling processes should proceed.

In some embodiments, an immune checkpoint inhibitor is an antibody to PD-1. PD-1 binds to the programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1) to prevent the receptor from binding to the inhibitory ligand PDL-1, thus overriding the ability of tumors to suppress the host anti-tumor immune response.

In one aspect, the checkpoint inhibitor is a biologic therapeutic or a small molecule. In another aspect, the checkpoint inhibitor is a monoclonal antibody, a humanized antibody, a fully human antibody, a fusion protein or a combination thereof. In a further aspect, the checkpoint inhibitor inhibits a checkpoint protein selected from CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PDl, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof. In an additional aspect, the checkpoint inhibitor interacts with a ligand of a checkpoint protein selected from CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PDl, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD160, CGEN-15049, CHK 1, CHK2, A2aR, B-7 family ligands or a combination thereof. In an aspect, the checkpoint inhibitor is an immunostimulatory agent, a T cell growth factor, an interleukin, an antibody, a vaccine or a combination thereof. In a further aspect, the interleukin is IL-7 or IL-15. In a specific aspect, the interleukin is glycosylated IL-7. In an additional aspect, the vaccine is a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine.

Checkpoint inhibitors include any agent that blocks or inhibits in a statistically significant manner, the inhibitory pathways of the immune system. Such inhibitors may include small molecule inhibitors or may include antibodies, or antigen binding fragments thereof, that bind to and block or inhibit immune checkpoint receptors or antibodies that bind to and block or inhibit immune checkpoint receptor ligands. Illustrative checkpoint molecules that may be targeted for blocking or inhibition include, but are not limited to, CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, B7-H3, B7-H4, BTLA, HVEM, GAL9, LAG3, TIM3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4 (belongs to the CD2 family of molecules and is expressed on all NK, 7⁶, and memory CD8+(ap) T cells), CD160 (also referred to as BY55), CGEN-15049, CHK 1 and CHK2 kinases, A2aR, and various B-7 family ligands. B7 family ligands include, but are not limited to, B7-1, B7-2, B7-DC, B7-H1, B7-H2, B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5, B7-H6 and B7-H7. Checkpoint inhibitors include antibodies, or antigen binding fragments thereof, other binding proteins, biologic therapeutics, or small molecules, that bind to and block or inhibit the activity of one or more of CTLA-4, PDL1, PDL2, PD1, BTLA, HVEM, TIM3, GAL9, LAG3, VISTA, KIR, 2B4, CD 160 and CGEN-15049. Illustrative immune checkpoint inhibitors include Tremelimumab (CTLA-4 blocking antibody), anti-OX40, PD-L1 monoclonal Antibody (Anti-B7-H1; MEDI4736), MK-3475 (PD-1 blocker), Nivolumab (anti-PDl antibody), CT-011 (anti-PDl antibody), BY55 monoclonal antibody, AMP224 (anti-PDLI antibody), BMS-936559 (anti-PDLI antibody), MPLDL3280A (anti-PDLI antibody), MSB0010718C (anti-PDLI antibody), and ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor). Checkpoint protein ligands include, but are not limited to PD-L1, PD-L2, B7-H3, B7-H4, CD28, CD86 and TIM-3.

In certain embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from a PD-1 antagonist, a PD-L1 antagonist, and a CTLA-4 antagonist. In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab (Opdivo®), ipilimumab (Yervoy®), and pembrolizumab (Keytruda®). In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from nivolumab (anti-PD-1 antibody, Opdivo®, Bristol-Myers Squibb); pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1 antibody, Keytruda®, Merck); ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 antibody, Yervoy®, Bristol-Myers Squibb); durvalumab (anti-PD-L1 antibody, Imfinzi®, AstraZeneca); and atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1 antibody, Tecentriq®, Genentech).

In some embodiments, the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of lambrolizumab (MK-3475), nivolumab (BMS-936558), pidilizumab (CT-011), AMP-224, MDX-1105, MEDI4736, MPDL3280A, BMS-936559, ipilimumab, lirlumab, IPH2101, pembrolizumab (Keytruda®), and tremelimumab.

In some embodiments, an immune checkpoint inhibitor is REGN2810 (Regeneron), an anti-PD-1 antibody tested in patients with basal cell carcinoma (NCT03132636); NSCLC (NCT03088540); cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (NCT02760498); lymphoma (NCT02651662); and melanoma (NCT03002376); pidilizumab (CureTech), also known as CT-011, an antibody that binds to PD-1, in clinical trials for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma; avelumab (Bavencio®, Pfizer/Merck KGaA), also known as MSB0010718C), a fully human IgGI anti-PD-L1 antibody, in clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma, solid tumors, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, and gastric cancer; or PDR001 (Novartis), an inhibitory antibody that binds to PD-1, in clinical trials for non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, triple negative breast cancer and advanced or metastatic solid tumors. Tremelimumab (CP-675,206; Astrazeneca) is a fully human monoclonal antibody against CTLA-4 that has been in studied in clinical trials for a number of indications, including: mesothelioma, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, germ cell cancer, squamous cell cancer of the head and neck, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, metastatic cancer in the liver, liver cancer, large B-cell lymphoma, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, metastatic anaplastic thyroid cancer, urothelial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, multiple myeloma, bladder cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, and melanoma. AGEN-1884 (Agenus) is an anti-CTLA4 antibody that is being studied in Phase 1 clinical trials for advanced solid tumors (NCT02694822).

In some embodiments, a checkpoint inhibitor is an inhibitor of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin containing protein-3 (TIM-3). TIM-3 inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include TSR-022, LY3321367 and MBG453. TSR-022 (Tesaro) is an anti-TIM-3 antibody which is being studied in solid tumors (NCT02817633). LY3321367 (Eli Lilly) is an anti-TIM-3 antibody which is being studied in solid tumors (NCT03099109). MBG453 (Novartis) is an anti-TIM-3 antibody which is being studied in advanced malignancies (NCT02608268).

In some embodiments, a checkpoint inhibitor is an inhibitor of T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains, or TIGIT, an immune receptor on certain T cells and NK cells. TIGIT inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include BMS-986207 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody (NCT02913313); OMP-313M32 (Oncomed); and anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody (NCT03119428).

In some embodiments, a checkpoint inhibitor is an inhibitor of Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3). LAG-3 inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include BMS-986016 and REGN3767 and IMP321. BMS-986016 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-LAG-3 antibody, is being studied in glioblastoma and gliosarcoma (NCT02658981). REGN3767 (Regeneron), is also an anti-LAG-3 antibody, and is being studied in malignancies (NCT03005782). IMP321 (Immutep S.A.) is an LAG-3-Ig fusion protein, being studied in melanoma (NCT02676869); adenocarcinoma (NCT02614833); and metastatic breast cancer (NCT00349934).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include OX40 agonists. OX40 agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include PF-04518600/PF-8600 (Pfizer), an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in metastatic kidney cancer (NCT03092856) and advanced cancers and neoplasms (NCT02554812; NCT05082566); GSK3174998 (Merck), an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in Phase 1 cancer trials (NCT02528357); MEDI0562 (Medimmune/AstraZeneca), an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in advanced solid tumors (NCT02318394 and NCT02705482); MEDI6469, an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody (Medimmune/AstraZeneca), in patients with colorectal cancer (NCT02559024), breast cancer (NCT01862900), head and neck cancer (NCT02274155) and metastatic prostate cancer (NCT01303705); and BMS-986178 (Bristol-Myers Squibb) an agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, in advanced cancers (NCT02737475).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include CD137 (also called 4-1BB) agonists. CD137 agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include utomilumab (PF-05082566, Pfizer) an agonistic anti-CD137 antibody, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (NCT02951156) and in advanced cancers and neoplasms (NCT02554812 and NCT05082566); urelumab (BMS-663513, Bristol-Myers Squibb), an agonistic anti-CD137 antibody, in melanoma and skin cancer (NCT02652455) and glioblastoma and gliosarcoma (NCT02658981).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include CD27 agonists. CD27 agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include varlilumab (CDX-1127, Celldex Therapeutics) an agonistic anti-CD27 antibody, in squamous cell head and neck cancer, ovarian carcinoma, colorectal cancer, renal cell cancer, and glioblastoma (NCT02335918); lymphomas (NCT01460134); and glioma and astrocytoma (NCT02924038).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) agonists. GITR agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include TRX518 (Leap Therapeutics), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in malignant melanoma and other malignant solid tumors (NCT01239134 and NCT02628574); GWN323 (Novartis), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in solid tumors and lymphoma (NCT 02740270); INCAGN01876 (Incyte/Agenus), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in advanced cancers (NCT02697591 and NCT03126110); MK-4166 (Merck), an agonistic anti-GITR antibody, in solid tumors (NCT02132754) and MEDI1873 (Medimmune/AstraZeneca), an agonistic hexameric GITR-ligand molecule with a human IgGI Fc domain, in advanced solid tumors (NCT02583165).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS, also known as CD278) agonists. ICOS agonists that are being studied in clinical trials include MEDI-570 (Medimmune), an agonistic anti-ICOS antibody, in lymphomas (NCT02520791); GSK3359609 (Merck), an agonistic anti-ICOS antibody, in Phase 1 (NCT02723955); JTX-2011 (Jounce Therapeutics), an agonistic anti-ICOS antibody, in Phase 1 (NCT02904226).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include killer IgG-like receptor (KR) inhibitors. KR inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include lirilumab (IPH2102/BMS-986015, Innate Pharma/Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-KIR antibody, in leukemias (NCT01687387, NCT02399917, NCT02481297, NCT02599649), multiple myeloma (NCT02252263), and lymphoma (NCT01592370); IPH2101 (1-7F9, Innate Pharma) in myeloma (NCT01222286 and NCT01217203); and IPH4102 (Innate Pharma), an anti-KIR antibody that binds to three domains of the long cytoplasmic tail (KIR3DL2), in lymphoma (NCT02593045).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include CD47 inhibitors of interaction between CD47 and signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa). CD47/SIRPa inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include ALX-148 (Alexo Therapeutics), an antagonistic variant of (SIRPa) that binds to CD47 and prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling, in phase 1 (NCT03013218); TTI-621 (SIRPa-Fc, Trillium Therapeutics), a soluble recombinant fusion protein created by linking the N-terminal CD47-binding domain of SIRPa with the Fc domain of human IgGI, acts by binding human CD47, and preventing it from delivering its “do not eat” signal to macrophages, is in clinical trials in Phase 1 (NCT02890368 and NCT02663518); CC-90002 (Celgene), an anti-CD47 antibody, in leukemias (NCT02641002); and Hu5F9-G4 (Forty Seven, Inc.), in colorectal neoplasms and solid tumors (NCT02953782), acute myeloid leukemia (NCT02678338) and lymphoma (NCT02953509).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include CD73 inhibitors. CD73 inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include MEDI9447 (Medimmune), an anti-CD73 antibody, in solid tumors (NCT02503774); and BMS-986179 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), an anti-CD73 antibody, in solid tumors (NCT02754141).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include agonists of stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING, also known as transmembrane protein 173, or TMEM173). Agonists of STING that are being studied in clinical trials include MK-1454 (Merck), an agonistic synthetic cyclic dinucleotide, in lymphoma (NCT03010176); and ADU-S100 (MIW815, Aduro Biotech/Novartis), an agonistic synthetic cyclic dinucleotide, in Phase 1 (NCT02675439 and NCT03172936).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include CSF1R inhibitors. CSF1R inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include pexidartinib (PLX3397, Plexxikon), a CSF1R small molecule inhibitor, in colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, metastatic and advanced cancers (NCT02777710) and melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell head and neck cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and ovarian cancer (NCT02452424); and IMC-CS4 (LY3022855, Lilly), an anti-CSF-1R antibody, in pancreatic cancer (NCT03153410), melanoma (NCT03101254), and solid tumors (NCT02718911); and BLZ945 (4-[2((1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclohexylamino)-benzothiazol-6-yloxyl]-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid methylamide, Novartis), an orally available inhibitor of CSF1R, in advanced solid tumors (NCT02829723).

Checkpoint inhibitors that may be used in the present invention include NKG2A receptor inhibitors. NKG2A receptor inhibitors that are being studied in clinical trials include monalizumab (IPH2201, Innate Pharma), an anti-NKG2A antibody, in head and neck neoplasms (NCT02643550) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (NCT02557516).

In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, avelumab, durvalumab, atezolizumab, or pidilizumab.

EXEMPLIFICATION

As depicted in the Examples below, in certain exemplary embodiments, compounds are prepared according to the following general procedures. It will be appreciated that, although the general methods depict the synthesis of certain compounds of the present invention, the following general methods, and other methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, can be applied to all compounds and subclasses and species of each of these compounds, as described herein.

Example 1. Synthesis of 5-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-59)

Step A: 5-(1-oxoisoindolin-2-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-59). To a mixture of isoindolin-1-one (266 mg, 2.0 mmol) in THE (5 mL) at 0° C. was added NaH (240 mg, 6 mmol) in portions and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. A solution of 5-bromothiazolidine-2,4-dione (1.57 g, 8 mmol) in THE (8 mL) was added dropwise and stirred at 0° C. for 10 min. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL) and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo and purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=4/1) to give the title compound (5.8 mg, 1.2% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.47 (s, 1H), 7.75-7.73 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.70-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.64-7.62 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.56-7.52 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 4.65-4.61 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 4.52-4.48 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=248.0; Found [M+H]⁺=248.1.

Example 2. Synthesis of 5-(2-oxo-5-phenyloxazolidin-3-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-50)

Step A: 5-((2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)amino)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (2). To a solution of 5-bromothiazolidine-2,4-dione (4.2 g, 21.87 mmol) in DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide) (100 mL) was added 2-amino-1-phenylethanol (2.0 g, 14.58 mmol) and TEA (2.21 g, 21.87 mmol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 5 h. TLC (EtOAc/DCM=1/1; silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material after this time. The reaction mixture solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via reverse phase column chromatography (MeCN/H₂) to give the title compound (1.71 g, 46.5% yield) as a yellow oil.

Step B: 5-(2-oxo-5-phenyloxazolidin-3-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-50). To a solution of 5-((2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)amino)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (1.3 g, 5.16 mmol) in THE (30 mL) was added dropwise carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) (1.25 g, 7.74 mmol) in THE (5 mL) at r.t. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for another 12h. TLC (EtOAc/DCM=1/1; silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material after this time. The reaction mixture solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified via reverse phase column chromatography (MeCN/H₂) to give the title compound (201.1 mg, 14.01% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.45 (s, 2H), 7.51-7.35 (m, 10H), 6.55 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 2H), 5.79-5.69 (m, 2H), 4.13 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.58 (dd, J=8.7, 7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (dd, J=8.8, 6.7 Hz, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=278.04; Found [M+H]⁺=279.01.

Example 3. Synthesis of 5-(3-Methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-1-yl)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-51)

Step A: 5-(3-Methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-1-yl)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-51). To a solution of 1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-benzoimidazol-2-one (300 mg, 1.13 mmol) in DMF (4.0 mL) was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 101.7 mg, 3.39 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. under N₂ for 30 minutes. Then 5-bromo-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (230 mg, 1.13 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added slowly. After stirring at r.t. for 10 minutes, the reaction was quenched with water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (22 mg, 7.4% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 12.7 (s, 1H), 7.76-7.13 (m, 5H), 3.34 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=263.0; Found [M+H]⁺=263.9.

Example 4. Synthesis of ethyl 1-(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-yl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate (I-29)

Step A: ethyl 1-(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-yl)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate (I-29). To a solution of ethyl 6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.3 mmol) in dry THF (5 mL) was added 1M LHMDS in THF (0.36 mL, 0.36 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. After addition, the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, then 5-bromothiazolidine-2,4-dione (70.56 mg, 0.36 mmol) in THE was added, and the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The mixture was poured into water (10 mL), extracted with EtOAc (10 mL×2), the organic layers were discarded, and the liquid layer was extracted with DCM/isopropanol (3/1, 10 mL×3), then the combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep HPLC to give the title compound (3.8 mg, 4.5% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=282.0 Found [M+H]⁺=283.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CHLOROFORM-d) δ ppm: 8.81 (br. s., 1H), 8.18 (br. s., 1H), 7.96 (d, J=9.51 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=9.38 Hz, 1H), 6.35 (br. s., 1H), 4.36 (q, J=6.67 Hz, 2H), 1.33-1.43 (m, 3H).

Example 5. Synthesis of 3-(phenylthio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-4)

Step A: 3-(phenylthio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-4). A mixture of benzenethiol (300 mg, 2.73 mmol), 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (628 mg, 3.27 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (1.3 g, 410 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred for 1 h at rt. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL) and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1) to give the title compound (400 mg, 66% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 10.91 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.29 (m, 3H), 4.33-4.30 (dd, J=4.8 Hz, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.23-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.96-1.91 (m, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=221.1; Found [M+H]⁺=222.1.

Example 6. Synthesis of 3-(pyridin-2-ylthio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-6)

Step A: 3-(pyridin-2-ylthio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-6). To a solution of pyridine-2-thiol (34.6 mg, 0.312 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (100 mg, 0.467 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (152.3 mg, 0.467 mmol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1.5 hour. TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1; silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material after this time. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2), washed with brine and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via Prep HPLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (30 mg, 43.3% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=222.1; Found [M+H]⁺=223.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 8.57 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.79 (td, J=8.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J=6.5, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (dd, J=9.0, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.94-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.39-2.23 (m, 1H).

Example 7. Synthesis of 1-phenylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-27)

Step A: 1-phenylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-27). To a mixture of pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (224 mg, 2.0 mmol), iodobenzene (490 mg, 2.4 mmol) and N-(2-cyanophenyl)picolinamide (89 mg, 0.4 mmol) in DMSO (8 mL) was added CuI (40 mg, 0.2 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (890 mg, 4.2 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 16 h. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL) and it was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified via prep-TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (112 mg, 30% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 11.43 (s, 1H), 7.72-7.70 (d, 1H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.40 (m, 3H), 5.68-5.65 (dd, J1=2.0 Hz, J2=2.0 Hz, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=188.1; Found [M+H]⁺=189.0.

Example 8. Synthesis of 1-phenyldihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-20)

Step A: 1-phenyldihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-20). A mixture of 1-phenylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (60 mg, 0.3 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added Pd/C (10 mg) under N₂. The reaction mixture was degassed and purged with H₂ several times. The mixture was stirred at r.t. under H₂ balloon for 16 h. The reaction was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (46.6 mg, 78% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 15.11 (s. 1H), 7.41-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.21 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.77 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.72-2.68 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=190.1; Found [M+H]⁺=191.0.

Example 9. Synthesis of 1-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione and 1-(pyridin-2-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-28 and I-21)

Step A: 1-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-28). To a mixture of pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (300 mg, 2.68 mmol), 2-bromopyridine (352 mg, 2.23 mmol), K₃PO₄ (1.2 g, 5.63 mmol), and (1R,2R)—N1,N2-dimethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine (380 mg, 2.68 mmol) in DMSO (5 mL) was added copper(I) iodide (51 mg, 0.268 mmol). The mixture was sealed, purged with nitrogen, and then heated at 60° C. for 24 h. The mixture was poured into water (20 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×5), and the combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep-TLC eluting with EtOAc/DCM=1/1 to give the title compound (240 mg, 56.6% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 11.54 (br. s., 1H), 8.49-8.60 (m, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=8.00 Hz, 1H), 7.92-8.02 (m, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=8.26 Hz, 1H), 7.44-7.47 (m, 1H), 5.74-5.80 (m, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=189.1; Found [M+H]⁺=190.0.

Step B: 1-(pyridin-2-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-21). To a solution of 1-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (42 mg, 0.222 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added Pd/C catalyst (20 mg, 10 percent by mass). Then the reactor was placed under H₂, purged three times at 5 bar of H₂, then placed under 1 atm and stirred for 18 h. The mixture was filtered, the fixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by prep HPLC to give the title compound (10.2 mg, 24.1% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ ppm: 8.34-8.47 (m, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.38 Hz, 1H), 7.72-7.78 (m, 1H), 7.70 (br. s., 1H), 7.07-7.18 (m, 1H), 4.26 (t, J=6.63 Hz, 2H), 2.82 (t, J=6.63 Hz, 2H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=191.1; Found [M+H]⁺=192.0.

Example 10. Synthesis of 1-Benzyl-dihydro-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (I-24)

Step A: 1-Benzyl-dihydro-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (I-24). A solution of 3-benzylamino-propionic acid ethyl ester (208 mg, 1.00 mmol) in HCl (aq., 6 M, 1.0 mL) was added dropwise into another solution of KNCO (100 mg, 1.20 mmol, in 0.5 mL of water) at r.t. under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. under N₂ for 12 hours. Then the reaction was quenched by sat. NaHCO₃ aq. (10.0 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (14.4 mg, 20.4% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.28 (m, 5H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 3.34 (t, J₁=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.62. (t, J₁=6.8 Hz, 2H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=204.1; Found [M+H]⁺=205.2.

Example 11. Synthesis of 1-Benzyl-dihydro-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (I-25)

Step A: 3-[(Pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-propionic acid ethyl ester (2). To a solution of C-pyridin-2-yl-methylamine (342 mg, 3.00 mmol) and TEA (202 mg, 2.00 mmol) in toluene (15.0 mL) was added 3-bromo-propionic acid ethyl ester (221 mg, 1.00 mmol) at r.t. under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. under N₂ for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched by water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine 3 times and dried over Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the title compound (150 mg, 71.2% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=208.1; Found [M+H]⁺=209.1.

Step B: 1-Benzyl-dihydro-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (I-25). A solution of 3-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-propionic acid ethyl ester (208 mg, 1.00 mmol) in HCl (aq., 6 M, 1.5 mL) was added dropwise into another solution of KNCO (105.3 mg, 1.30 mmol, in 1.5 mL of water) at r.t. under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. under N₂ for 12 hours. Then the reaction mixture was quenched by sat. NaHCO₃ aq. (10.0 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (15 mg, 7.31% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 8.57 (d J₁=2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.75-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.34 (d, J₁=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (m, 1H), 4.74 (s, 2H), 3.55 (t, J₁=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.70. (t, J₁=6.8 Hz, 2H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=205.1; Found [M+H]⁺=206.1.

Example 12. Synthesis of 4-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)benzoic acid (I-10)

Step A: 4-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)benzoic acid (I-10). A mixture of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (200 mg, 1.30 mmol), 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (250 mg, 1.30 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (509 mg, 1.56 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred for 1 h at rt. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL) and it was then extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by column chromatography (DCM/MeOH=10/1) to give 4-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)benzoic acid (120 mg, 35% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.98 (s, 1H), 10.98 (s, 1H), 7.88-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.55-7.53 (m, 2H), 4.58-4.55 (dd, J=4.4 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.64-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.99 (m, 1). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=265.29; Found [M+H]⁺=266.1.

Example 13. Synthesis of 4-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)benzamide (I-58)

Step A: 4-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)benzamide (I-58). To a mixture of 4-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)benzoic acid (100 mg, 0.377 mmol) (I-10), HATU (1-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate) (172 mg, 0452 mmol), and DIPEA (diisopropylethylamine) (584 mg, 4.53 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added NH₄Cl (240 mg, 0.453 mmol) at rt. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at rt. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (DCM/MeOH=10/1) to give 4-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)benzamide (I-13) (20 mg, 20% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 10.96 (s, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.84-7.82 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.52-7.50 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 4.52-4.49 (dd, J=4.4 Hz, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.61-2.56 (m, 2H), 2.27-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.96 (m, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=264.06; Found [M+H]⁺=265.0.

Example 14. Synthesis of N-[4-(2,6-Dioxo-piperidin-3-ylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-acetamide (I-13)

Step A: N-[4-(2,6-Dioxo-piperidin-3-ylsulfanyl)-phenyl]-acetamide (I-13). To a solution of N-(4-mercapto-phenyl)-acetamide (200 mg, 1.20 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (469 mg, 1.44 mmol) at r.t. under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. under N₂ for 20 minutes. Then 3-bromo-piperidine-2,6-dione (213 mg, 1.1 mmol) was added slowly. After stirring at r.t. for 10 minutes, TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1, silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material. Then the reaction was quenched by water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (56.7 mg, 20.3% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.87 (s, 1H), 10.05 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (m, 1H), 2.53 (m, 2H), 2.18 (m, 1H), 2.04 (s, 3H), 1.88 (m, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=278.1; Found [M+H]⁺=279.1.

Example 15. Synthesis of 3-(4-Amino-phenylsulfanyl)-piperidine-2,6-dione (I-14)

Step A: 3-(4-Amino-phenylsulfanyl)-piperidine-2,6-dione (I-14). To a solution of 4-amino-benzenethiol (125 mg, 1.00 mmol) in DMF (3.0 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (390 mg, 1.20 mmol) at r.t. under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. under N₂ for 20 minutes. Then 3-bromo-piperidine-2,6-dione (220 mg, 1.10 mmol) was added slowly. After stirring at r.t. for 10 minutes, TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1, silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material. Then the reaction was quenched by water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (11.0 mg, 4.6% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 10.77 (s, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J₁=11.2 Hz, J₂=2.8 Hz, 2H), 6.52 (dd, J₁=11.2 Hz, J₂=2.8 Hz, 2H), 5.42 (m, 2H), 3.82 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 2H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 1.81 (m, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=236.1 Found [M+H]⁺=237.1.

Example 16. Synthesis of 3-((4-methoxyphenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-9)

Step A: 3-((4-methoxyphenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-9). A mixture of 4-methoxybenzenethiol (300 mg, 2.14 mmol), 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (494 mg, 2.57 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (1.05 mg, 3.22 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred for 1 h at rt. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL) and it was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1) to give the title compound (130 mg, 24% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) ppm: δ 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.86-3.78 (m, 4H), 2.87 (ddd, J=17.8, 11.0, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (dt, J=17.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.34-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.10 (m, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=251.1; Found [M+H]⁺=252.0.

Example 17. Synthesis of 3-((4-ethylphenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-17)

Step A: 3-((4-ethylphenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-17). To a solution of 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (519.0 mg, 2.72 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was added 4-ethylbenzenethiol (250 mg, 1.812 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (886.1 mg, 2.72 mmol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 0.5 hours. TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=5/1; silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material after this time. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2), washed with brine, and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (201.1 mg, 44.6% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=249.1; Found [M+H]⁺=250.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (t, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.96-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.74-2.54 (m, 3H), 2.39-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.15 (dt, J=14.2, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 1.23 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 18. Synthesis of 3-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-15)

Step A: 3-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-15). A mixture of 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (191 mg, 1 mmol), 4-chlorobenzenethiol (145 mg, 1 mol), and Cs₂CO₃ (654 mg, 2 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was poured into water (20 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×3), the combined organic layers were washed with water (30 mL×2), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC plate eluting with Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1 to give the title compound (102 mg, 40% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=255.0; Found [M+H]⁺=256.0. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 10.93 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.46 (m, 2H), 4.35 (dd, J=8.38, 4.75 Hz, 1H), 2.53-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.16-2.26 (m, 1H), 1.96 (dd, J=13.57, 7.32 Hz, 1H).

Example 19. Synthesis of 3-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-16)

Step A: 3-((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-16). A mixture of 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenethiol (300 mg, 1.69 mmol), 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (388 mg, 2.02 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (826 mg, 2.54 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred for 1 h at rt. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1) to give the title compound (180 mg, 37% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: (s, 1H), 7.65-7.58 (dd, J=8.0 Hz, J=20.8 Hz, 4H), 4.15-4.10 (dd, J=7.6 Hz, J=14.4 Hz, 1H), 2.90-2.81 (m, 1H), 2.70-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.19 (m, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=289.04; Found [M+H]⁺=290.0.

Example 20. Synthesis of 3-(1-Methyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-piperidine-2,6-dione (I-12)

Step A: 3-(1-Methyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-piperidine-2,6-dione (I-12). To a solution of of 1-methyl-1H-benzoimidazole-2-thiol (164 mg, 1.00 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (440 mg, 1.40 mmol) at r.t. under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. under N₂ for 20 minutes. Then 3-bromo-piperidine-2,6-dione (195 mg, 1.00 mmol) was added slowly. After stirring at r.t. for 10 minutes, TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1, silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material. Then the reaction was quenched by water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give title compound (94.7 mg, 28.9% yield) as a white solid.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm: 11.05 (s, 1H), 7.56-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.22-1.15 (m, 2H), 4.90 (m, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H) 2.73 (m, 1H) 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.40 (m, 1H), 2.33 (m, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=275.1 Found [M+H]⁺=275.2.

Example 21. Synthesis of 3-((1-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-11)

Step A: 2-chloro-1-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (2). To a solution of 2-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (1 g, 6.553 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added NaH (340.8 mg, 8.519 mmol) at 0° C. After 15 minutes, bromoethane (1.33 g, 8.519 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 hours. TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=5/1; silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material after this time. The mixture was quenched by water at 0° C. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2), washed with brine and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (1.1 g, 92.7% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=180.1; Found [M+H]⁺=181.1.

Step B: 1-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-thiol (3). A solution of 2-chloro-1-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (1.1 g, 6.111 mmol) in EtOH (50 mL) was treated with thiourea (697.6 mg, 9.167 mmol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 12 hours. TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=10/1; silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material after this time. The reaction mixture solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the mixture was purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (778.1 mg, 71.5% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=178.1; Found [M+H]⁺=179.1.

Step C: 3-((1-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-11). To a solution of 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (139.5 mg, 0.730 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added 1-ethyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-thiol (100 mg, 0.562 mmol), and Cs₂CO₃ (238 mg, 0.730 mmol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 0.5 hours. TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=5/1; silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material after this time. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2), washed with brine and the combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (93.1 mg, 57.3% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=289.1; Found [M+H]⁺=290.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.73-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.26 (m, 3H), 5.11 (s, 1H), 4.24 (q, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.93-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.46-2.30 (m, 1H), 1.44 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H).

Example 22. Synthesis of 3-(1-Isopropyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-piperidine-2,6-dione (I-60)

Step A: 2-Chloro-1-isopropyl-1H-benzoimidazole (2). To a solution of 2-Chloro-1-isopropyl-1H-benzoimidazole (167.5 mg, 1.00 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was added NaH (60% in mineral oil, 36 mg, 1.2 mmol) at 0° C. After stirring 30 minutes at r.t., 2-Bromo-propane (244 mg, 1.20 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction mixture was stirred at 37° C. for 12 hours. Then the reaction was quenched by water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (105 mg, 53.2% yield) as a white solid. LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=194.1; Found [M+H]p=195.2; 197.2.

Step B: 1-Isopropyl-1H-benzoimidazole-2-thiol (3). To a solution of 2-Chloro-1-isopropyl-1H-benzoimidazole (1.3 g, 0.57 mmol) in EtOH (50 mL) was added thiourea (800 mg). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified via column chromatography directly (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give title compound (1.02 g, 91.4% yield) as a yellow solid. LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=192.1; Found [M+H]⁺=193.3.

Step C: 3-(1-Isopropyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-piperidine-2,6-dione (I-60). To a solution of 1-Isopropyl-1H-benzoimidazole-2-thiol (192 mg, 1.00 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (440 mg, 1.40 mmol) at r.t. under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was stirred at 20° C. under N₂ for 20 minutes. Then 3-Bromo-piperidine-2,6-dione (232.8 mg, 1.40 mmol) was added slowly. After stirring at r.t. for 10 minutes, TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1, silica gel plate) showed complete consumption of the starting material. Then the reaction was quenched by water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×3). The combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc) to give the title compound (94.7 mg, 31.2% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 11.03 (s, 1H), 7.67 (m, 1H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.16 (m, 2H), 4.92 (m, 1H) 4.80 (m, 1H) 2.78-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.30 (m, 1H), 1.57 (d, J=6.8 Hz 6H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=303.1; Found [M+H]⁺=304.1.

Example 23. Synthesis of 3-(imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylthio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-61)

Step A: imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-thiol (2). To a solution of pyridin-2-ylmethanamine (159 mg, 1.48 mmol) in xylenes (5 mL) was added isothiocyanatobenzene (200 mg, 1.48 mmol) slowly with cooling on ice. The resulting solution was heated at 145° C. and refluxed for 3 h, and then allowed to cool to rt and stirred for 12 h. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL) and it was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=2/1) to give the title compound (180 mg, 81% yield) as a green solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm: δ 12.16 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 6.76 (dd, J=9.2, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=150.0; Found [M+H]⁺=151.1.

Step B: 3-(imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylthio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-61). A mixture of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-thiol (180 mg, 1.20 mmol), 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (275 mg, 1.44 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (587 mg, 1.80 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was stirred for 1 h at rt. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL) and it was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified via column chromatography (DCM/EtOAc=1/1) to give the title compound (30 mg, 10% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) ppm: δ 8.42 (dd, J=7.1, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.47 (m, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J=9.0, 6.5 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.22-4.12 (m, 1H), 2.98 (ddd, J=17.9, 8.5, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (ddd, J=17.9, 7.4, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (ddd, J=13.6, 9.8, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (dtd, J=12.2, 7.2, 5.0 Hz, 1H). LC-MS: Calculated exact mass=261.1 Found [M+H]⁺=262.0.

Example 24. Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) Assay

Equal volumes of His-tagged CRBN-DDB1 complex (56 nM) was mixed with Eu-cryptate labeled Anti-6HIS-monoclonal antibody (50× dilution from the commercial stock solution, Vender: Cisbio, Cat. #61HI2KLA) in a final buffer containing 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% Tween-20. The solution was then mixed with Cy5-labeled thalidomide (final 8 nM) and various concentrations of compounds (a serial 3-fold dilution with the top concentration 200 μM). The mixture were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. FRET signals were measured on an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer) by exciting at 340 nm and recording emission at both 615 nm as no FRET control and 665 nm as the FRET signals with a 60 microsecond delay. FRET efficiency was calculated as the ratio of fluorescent signals at 665 nM/615 nM. Quantitative loss of FRET efficiency as a function of compound concentrations was fitted by a four-parameter Logistic Function using GraphPad Prism 7.0 and the IC50 values were reported for each compound.

Table 3 shows the results for selected compounds in the time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay. The compound numbers correspond to the compound numbers in Table 1. Compounds having an activity designated as “A” provided an IC₅₀ of <1 μM; compounds having an activity designated as “B” provided an IC₅₀ of 1-10 μM; compounds having an activity designated as “C” provided an IC₅₀ of 10-100 μM; and compounds having an activity designated as “D” provided an IC₅₀ of >100 μM. For reference, the known CRBN binders provided the following IC₅₀ values in the TR-FRET assay: KT-377 (IC₅₀=0.63 μM) and pomalidomide (IC₅₀=1.75 μM).

TABLE 3 TR-FRET Assay Results Compound # CRBN HTRF IC₅₀ (μM) I-4 C I-6 C I-7 C I-8 B I-9 C I-10 C I-11 B I-12 C I-13 C I-14 C I-15 C I-16 C I-17 B I-20 C I-21 D I-24 C I-25 C I-27 C I-28 D I-38 C I-39 D I-62 C I-63 C I-64 C I-65 C I-66 C I-67 C I-68 B I-69 C I-70 C I-71 D I-72 C I-73 D I-74 B I-75 C I-76 D I-77 D I-78 B I-79 B I-80 C I-81 D I-82 D I-83 C I-84 B I-85 B I-86 B I-87 B I-88 C I-89 C I-90 B I-92 C I-93 C I-94 B I-95 C I-96 C I-97 B I-98 C I-99 B I-101 B I-102 C I-103 C I-104 B I-106 C I-107 C I-108 B I-109 C I-110 B I-111 B I-112 C I-113 C I-114 C I-115 B I-116 D I-117 C I-118 C I-119 B I-120 C I-121 B I-122 B I-123 C I-124 B I-125 B I-126 B I-127 C I-128 C I-129 C I-130 B I-131 C I-132 C I-133 C I-134 C I-135 B I-136 B I-137 C I-138 B I-139 B I-140 B I-141 C I-142 B I-143 D I-144 D I-145 D I-146 D

Example 25. Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay

Untagged CRBN-DDB1 complex (final 50 nM) was mixed with Cy5-labeled thalidomide (final 20 nM) and various concentrations of compounds (a serial 3-fold dilution with the top concentration of 200 M). The final solution contained 50 mM HEPES, 200 mM NaCl and 2 mM DTT, pH 7.5. The mixtures were incubated at room temperature for 10 min. The FP signals were recorded on an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer) using the following settings: Excitation Light (%): 100; Measurement Height: 12; G-Factor: 1; Detector Gain 1: 500; Detector Gain 2: 500; Flash Number: 100. Dose-dependent loss of FP signals was fitted by four-parameter Logistic Function using GraphPad Prism 7.0 and the IC50 values were reported for each compound.

Results for selected compounds will be determined in the fluorescence polarization (FP) assay. For reference, the known CRBN binders provided the following IC₅₀ values in the FP assay: thalidomide (IC₅₀=2.4 μM) and pomalidomide (IC₅₀=1.15 μM).

Example 26. Synthesis of 3-(4-ethylphenoxy)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-78)

3-Bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (26.2)

To a stirred solution of piperidine-2,6-dione (30 g, 0.266 mol) in CHCl₃ (60 mL) was added Br₂ (13.5 mL, 0.265 mol) in a sealed tube, then the reaction mixture was heated to 113° C. for 1.5 h. The color of the reaction mixture changed from deep yellow to pale yellow. The mixture was cooled to r.t. and transferred to a round bottom flask, concentrated to dry. To the residue was added 100 mL ice water, basified to pH=8 with saturated NaHCO₃, extracted with DCM (100 mL×5). The organic layers were dried with Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated to dry to give crude product, which was dissolved in a solution of DCM: EtOAc=1:1 (˜90 mL), then heated to 80° C., after the solid was completely dissolved, stopped the heating treatment, cooled to r.t. for overnight. The solution was filtered; the solid was collected, dried under vacuum to give the desired product 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (15.7 g) as a white solid. The filtrate was concentrated to give the crude product, and the crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with DCM:Petroleum ether:EtOAc=5:5:1 to DCM:Petroleum ether:EtOAc=5:5:2 to obtain the second batch of desired product (12 g) as a white solid (total yield: 54.5%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.06 (s, 1H), 5.00-4.78 (m, 1H), 2.69-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.45 (dd, J=10.0, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.17-2.12 (m, 1H).

3-(4-Ethylphenoxy)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-78)

To a solution of 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (200 mg, 1.045 mmol) in CH₃CN (10 mL) was added 4-ethylphenol (166.3 mg, 1.361 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (443.7 mg, 1.361 mmol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was heated at 40° C. for 3 h. TLC (50% Petroleum ether/50% EtOAc, silica gel plate) showed 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione was consumed. The mixture was cooled to r.t., and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified via reverse phase column chromatography (CH₃CN/H₂O=5%-80%) to give the desired compound 3-(4-ethylphenoxy)piperidine-2,6-dione (49.1 mg, 20.2%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 6.96 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.83 (dd, J=7.6, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (ddd, J=17.9, 7.7, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.71-2.63 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.20, 2H), 1.21 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=234.1.

Characterization data for further compounds prepared by the above method are presented in Table 4below. Compounds in Table 4were prepared by methods substantially similar to those described to prepare I-78, where 4-ethylphenol was replaced with the reagent as indicated in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Cpnd # Reagent Compound Characterization I-103

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.36-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.04 (dd, J = 7.8, 6.4 Hz, 3H), 4.88 (dd, J = 7.6, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (ddd, J = 18.0, 7.6, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.68 (ddd, J = 18.0, 7.7, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.23 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 206.1. I-125

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.86 (s, 1H), 6.91- 6.87 (m, 2H), 6.70-6.66 (m, 2H), 4.95-4.91 (m, 1H), 2.80 (s, 6H), 2.71-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.01 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 249.1. I-124

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.90 (s, 1H), 7.09 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.92 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 5.13 (dd, J = 10.7, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.76-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.56 (m, 1H), 2.56- 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.58-1.46 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.21 (m, 2H), 0.89 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 262.1. I-115

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.91 (s, 1H), 7.33- 7.24 (m, 2H), 6.97-6.88 (m, 2H), 5.14 (dd, J = 10.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.77-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.56 (m, 1H), 2.25- 2.03 (m, 2H), 1.25 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 9H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 262.2. I-128

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.88 (s, 1H), 6.93- 6.82 (m, 4H), 5.01 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.05-2.99 (m, 4H), 2.74-2.52 (m, 4H), 2.47-2.41 (m, 4H), 2.20 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, mz): [M + l]⁺ = 304.1. I-119

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.97 (s, 1H), 7.86-7.83 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.34 (m, 1H), 7.26-7.23 (m, 1H), 5.41-5.37 (m, 1H), 2.82-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.68- 2.61 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.18 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 256.1. I-129

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.04 (s, 1H), 9.01 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 8.69 (s, 1H), 7.83-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.67 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 5.62-5.55 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.33 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 257.1.

Example 27. Synthesis of 3-((4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-95)

To a solution of 2-mercapto-6-methylpyrimidin-4-ol (200 mg, 1.41 mmol) in THF (5 mL) were added 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (324 mg, 1.69 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (691 mg, 2.12 mmol). The reaction solution was stirred for 3 h at rt. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EA (50 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column to give desired compound (7.2 mg, 2% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.69 (s, 1H), 10.97 (s, 1H), 5.97 (s, 1H), 4.68 (s, 1H), 2.71-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=254.0.

Characterization data for further compounds prepared by the above method are presented in Table 5below. Compounds in Table 5were prepared by methods substantially similar to those described to prepare I-95, where 27.1 was replaced with the reagent as indicated in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Cpnd # Reagent Compound Characterization I-100

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.26-7.12 (m, 3H), 3.73 (t, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H), 3.02-2.94 (m, 1H), 2.70- 2.53 (m, 1H), 2.53 (s, 6H), 2.31-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.22- 2.13 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 250.1. I-68

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.88 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (dd, J = 7.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.89-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.22- 2.15 (m, 1H), 2.10-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.19 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 264.1. I-99

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.75-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.45- 7.39 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.27 (m, 2H), 4.05 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.70-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.2.42-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.12 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 306.0. I-114

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.11 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.33-7.27 (01, 1H), 7.20-7.10 (m, 1H), 3.89 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.88-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.70-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.43- 2.31 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.12 (01, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 258.0. I-123

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.20 (s, 1H), 10.93 (s, 1H), 8.0 (t, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.42 (m, 1H), 4.39 ((dd, J = 8.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.52-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.75 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/ z): [M + l]⁺ = 266.1. I-134

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.98 (s, 1H), 7.96 (t, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82- 7.71 (m, 2H), 7.55 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (dd, J = 9.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.71-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.30-2.19 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.93 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 247.1. I-122

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.95 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.32 (m, 3H), 4.46 (dd, J = 8.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.68-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.01- 1.95 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, mz): [M + l]⁺ = 256.0. I-135

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.83 (s, 1H), 7.35 (m, 2H), 6.85 (m, 2H), 5.20-3.55 (m, 5H), 2.81-2.56 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.24 (s, 1H), 1.06 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 6H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 293.1. I-69

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.89 (s, 1H), 7.31-7.22 (m, 3H), 7.12-7.10 (d, J = 6, 8 Hz, 1H), 4.30-4.27 (m, 1H), 2.55 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.24-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.88 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 236.1. I-92

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.02 (s, 1H), 8.15 (s, 2H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 4.75 (dd, J = 9.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.65-2.50 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.08-2.05 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 358.0 I-74

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.85 (s, 1H), 9.97 (s, 1H), 7.36-7.34 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.19-7.15 (m, 1H), 6.89-6.87 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.80-6.76 (m, 1H), 4.27 (dd, J = 7.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.62-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.81 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 238.0. I-75

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.86 (s, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.01 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.91 (m, 1H), 4.29 (dd, J = 7.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 2.57-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.17-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.84 (m , 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 251.9. I-117

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.02 (s, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J = 7.69, 1.06 Hz, 1H), 7.74-7.81 (m, 1H), 7.70 (td, J = 7.75, 1.50 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (td, J = 7.57, 1.13 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (dd, J = 9.13, 4.88 Hz, 1H), 2.52-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.20- 2.28 (m, 1H), 1.97-2.12 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 247.0. I-84

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.88 (s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.8, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.63-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.18 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.83(m, 1H), 1.60-1.47 (m, 2H), 1.29 (m, 2H), 0.89 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 278.1. I-85

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.79 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (dd, J = 6.7, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (s, 6H), 2.61-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.44 (m, 1H), 2.12 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.76 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 265.1. I-86

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.91 (s, 1H), 7.25 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.07-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.85 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J = 8.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (m, 2H), 2.30-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.94 (m, 1H), 1.32 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 266.0. I-87

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.92 (s, 1H), 7.27 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.08-6.98 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.82 (m, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J = 8.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.57-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.88 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 252.0. I-112

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.89 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 5.23 (t, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 2H), 4.25 (dd, J = 7.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.56-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.90 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 234.0. I-66

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.87 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (m, 1H), 2.55- 2.51 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.19-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.95- 1.90 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 236.0. I-109

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.79 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (t, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.92-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.68-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.21 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 290.0. I-101

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.25 (m, 1H), 4.14 (t, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.93-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.70- 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.46-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.15 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 291.9. I-102

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.78 (s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 4.10 (t, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.90-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.71-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.17 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 325.9. I-179

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (t, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.88 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.37-2.24 (m, 4H), 2.16-2.11 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z: [M + l]⁺ = 250.0. I-120

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.90 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (s, 2H), 4.09 (dd, J = 7.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.64-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.17-2.11 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.87 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 305.0. I-107

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.83 (s, 1H), 7.38-7.25 (m, 5H), 3.91 (s, 2H), 3.52 (t, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.52-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.28 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.82 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 236.1. I-116

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.82 (br. s., 1H), 3.68 (t, J = 3.75 Hz, 1H), 2.89- 3.06 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.03- 2.22 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.56-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.17-1.46 (m, 5H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 228.1. I-98

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.00 (s, 1H), 8.79 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.80-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.18 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 291.0. I-136

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (t, J = 12 Hz, 1H), 2.83-2.71 (m, 2H), 2.52-2.45 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 267.0. I-126

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.85 (s, 1H), 8.51- 8.50 (m, 1H), 8.21-8.19 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.20 (m, 1H), 4.80- 4.76 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 267.0. I-90

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.96 (s, 1H), 8.49- 8.48 (m, 1H), 7.83-7.80 (m, 1H), 7.45-7.43 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.80-4.76 (dd, Ji = 5.2 Hz, J2 = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.74- 2.66 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.13 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 257.0. I-62

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.04 (s, 1H), 8.29- 8.49 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.45 (m, 2H), 4.71 (dd, J = 9.82, 4.82 Hz, 1H), 2.62-2.76 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.26- 2.33 (m, 1H), 2.00-2.13 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): : [M + l]⁺ = 223.1. I-110

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.07 (s, 1H), 8.38 8.25 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.24 (m, 1H), 4.60 (dd, J = 10.4, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 2.76-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.04 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 239.0. I-111

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.97 (s, 1H), 8.60 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.74-2.52 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.20 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 267.0. I-112

H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.80 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, lH), 4.88 (d, J = 9.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.83-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.32 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 300.97, 302.97. I-83

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.97 (s, lH), 8.65 (t, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (dd, J = 6.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.71 (dd, J = 9.3, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.78-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.21 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 224.1. I-93

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.78 (s, 1H), 11.07 (s, 1H), 8.02-8.01 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.44 (m, 3H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 4.86-4.82 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.67- 2.33 (m, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 316.1. I-89

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.02 (br. s., 1H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 4.69 (dd, J = 8.63, 6.00 Hz, 1H), 2.83-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.67-2.75 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.50 (m, 8H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 252.1. I-90

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.94 (s, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.06 (s, 1H), 4.69 (dd, J = 10.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.68- 2.52 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.20 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 255.0. I-73

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.92 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.31-4.27 (dd, J = 4.8 Hz, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 2.57-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.17-2.01 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, mz): [M + l]⁺ = 226.1. I-105

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.50 (s, 1H), 10.92 (s, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 4.38-4.25 (m, 1H), 2.58- 2.52 (m, 2H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.90 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 212.1. I-72

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.92 (s, 1H), 7.74-7.72 (dd, J = 1.2 Hz, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.28 (dd, J = 1.2 Hz, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11-7.08 (dd, J = 3.6 Hz, J = 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.08-4.04 (dd, J = 4.4 Hz, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 2.55-2.47 (m, 2H), 2.17-2.12 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.87 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 228.0. I-80

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.85 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 3.91-3.87 (dd, J = 4.8 Hz, 72 = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.58-2.51 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 2.18-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.81 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 226.1. I-97

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.02 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.08-7.99 (m, 1H), 7.80 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.60-7.47 (m, 2H), 4.61 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.08-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.72-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.50- 2.34 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m, z): [M + l]⁺ = 273.1 I-96

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.05 (s, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J = 5.9, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 7.21-7.14 (m, 2H), 4.88 (dd, J = 10.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.76-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.23 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 262.0. I-94

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.88 (br. s., 1H), 11.04 (br. s., 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.46 (d, J = 8.50 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (dd, J = 8.50, 2.00 Hz, 1H), 4.88 (dd, J = 10.82, 5.07 Hz, 1H), 2.69-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.45 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.35 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 296.0.

Example 28. Synthesis of 4-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)benzonitrile (I-67)

4-Mercaptobenzonitrile (28.2)

To a solution of 4-fluorobenzonitrile (5 g, 41.3 mmol) in DMF (50 mL), Na₂S (3.54 g, 45 mmol) was added. The reaction solution was stirred at r.t. overnight. 1M NaOH (500 mL) was added and the aqueous layer was washed with CH₂Cl₂, acidified to pH ˜1-2 with 6N HCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂, The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. To the residue was added 10% HCl (200 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Then zine dust (20 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1h. The EA was added and the mixture was stirred for an additional 30 min. The organic layer was separated and washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated and purified by column chromatography to give 4-mercaptobenzonitrile (1.0 g, 18.2%) as solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=135.0.

4-((2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)benzonitrile (I-67)

To a solution of 4-mercaptobenzonitrile (67.5 mg, 0.5 mmol) in DMF (5 mL), 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (115 mg, 0.6 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (244 mg, 0.75 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EA (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column (PE/EA=2/1) to give 4-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)benzonitrile (31.7 mg, 26% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.01 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.65 (dd, J=9.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.69-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.56 m, 1H), 2.33-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.08-2.00 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=247.0.

Example 29. Synthesis of 3-((3-bromophenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-108) and 3-((3-ethylphenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-121)

3-((3-Bromophenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-108)

To a stirred solution of 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (150 mg, 0.785 mol) in CH₃CN (15 mL) was added 3-bromobenzenethiol (193.1 mg, 1.021 mol), Cs₂CO₃ (332.8 mg, 1.021 mol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified via column chromatography (DCM/EtOAc=5%-80%) to give 3-((3-bromophenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (158.1 mg, 67.1%) as a colorless oil.

¹H NMR (400 Mz, CDCl₃) δ 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.70 (t, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=8.0, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 7.23 (t, J=8.0, 1H), 3.97 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.89-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.67-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.39-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.20-2.15 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=300.0/301.9.

3-((3-ethylphenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-121)

To a solution of 3-((3-bromophenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (107 mg, 0.358 mmol) in THE (25 mL) was added ethylboronic acid (39.7 mg, 0.537 mmol), Ag₂O (273.7 mg, 1.18 mmol), K₂CO₃ (148.2 mg, 1.073 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (39.3 mg, 0.054 mmol) at r.t. under nitrogen. The reaction was heated at reflux under nitrogen for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to r.t., and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified via reverse phase column chromatography (CH₃CN/H₂O=5%-80%) to give 3-((3-ethylphenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (19.8 mg, 22.2%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 7.26 (dd, J=8.4, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.96 (t, J=4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.97-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.55 (m, 3H), 2.32 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.24 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=250.1.

Example 30. Synthesis of 3-((3-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-127)

(3-Mercaptophenyl)methanol (30.2)

To a stirred solution of 3-mercaptobenzoic acid (1 g, 6.5 mmol) in THE (10 mL) was added LiAlH₄ (246 mg, 13 mmol) at 0° C. portion wise. After addition, the mixture was stirred at room temperature under N₂ overnight. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of NaSO₄.10H₂O at 0° C., filtered, the filtrate was concentrated to give crude product, which was purified by CC on silica gel eluting with PE:EA=4:1 to give (3-mercaptophenyl)methanol as a colorless oil (200 mg, yield 22.0%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.11-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.02-7.08 (m, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 5.19 (t, J=5.69 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (d, J=5.63 Hz, 2H).

3-((3-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-127)

I-127 was synthesized via the same method as I-95. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.43 (br. s., 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.48 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.36 (m, 2H), 4.66 (s, 2H), 3.96 (t, J=4.69 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.21 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=252.1.

Example 31. Synthesis of 3-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)-2-methylbenzoic acid (I-137)

3-Mercapto-2-methylbenzoic acid (31.2)

To a stirred solution of 3-(chlorosulfonyl)-2-methylbenzoic acid (1.0 g, 4.3 mmol) in AcOH (20 mL) was added dropwise a suspension of stannous chloride dihydrate (4.8 g, 21.4 mmol) in conc. HCl and water (20 mL, V/V=4:1) at r.t. After addition, the reaction mixture was heated to 80° C. and stirred at this temperature for 1 hour under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into ice-water, filtered and dried to give 3-mercapto-2-methylbenzoic acid crude (0.72 g, quan.) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.74 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.0, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.58 (s, 1H), 2.44 (s, 3H).

3-((2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)-2-methylbenzoic acid (I-137)

I-137 was synthesized via the same method as I-95. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.90 (s, 1H), 7.90 (m, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J=7.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.25 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.49 (m, 5H), 2.24-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.89 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+Na]⁺=302.0.

Example 32. Synthesis of 3-((4-ethylphenyl)sulfinyl)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-64) and 3-((4-ethylphenyl)sulfonyl)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-65)

To a stirred solution of 3-((4-ethylphenyl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (130 mg, 0.522 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added m-CPBA (224.5 mg, 0.783 mol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 0.5 h. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried and concentrated in vacuo. The mixture was purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=5%-80%) to give 3-((4-ethylphenyl)sulfinyl)piperidine-2,6-dione (47.8 mg, 34.6%) as a white solid and 3-((4-ethylphenyl)sulfonyl)piperidine-2,6-dione (67.1 mg, 45.7%) as a yellow solid. I-64: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.15 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.51 (dd, J=7.9, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.04-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.74 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.60-2.41 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.28 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=266.1. I-65: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.04 (dd, J=5.7, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.18-3.13 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.66 (m, 3H), 2.40-2.35 (m, 1H), 1.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=282.1.

Example 33. Synthesis of 2-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)-N,N-dimethylisonicotinamide (I-131) and 2-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)-N,N-dimethylisonicotinamide (I-132)

2-Chloroisonicotinoyl Chloride (33.2)

To a mixture of 2-chloroisonicotinic acid (1.58 g, 10 mmol) and DMF (two drops) in DCM (20 mL) was added (COCl)₂ (2.54 g, 20 mmol) dropwise, the mixture was stirred at refluxing for 1 h. After the reaction, the mixture was concentrated, the residue was utilized for next step without further purification.

2-Chloro-N-methylisonicotinamide (33.3)

To a mixture of TEA (1.52 mg, 15 mmol) and methanamine (372 mg, 12 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added 2-chloroisonicotinoyl chloride (1.76 g, 10 mmol), the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 0.5 h. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with DCM (20 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via pre-TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=2/1) to give 2-chloro-N-methylisonicotinamide (1.52 g, 89.4% yield) as a white solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=171.0.

2-Mercapto-N-methylisonicotinamide (33.4)

To a mixture of 2-chloro-N-methylisonicotinamide (340 mg, 2 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added NaSH (224 mg, 4 mmol), the mixture was stirred at 130° C. for overnight. To the residue was added H₂O (10 mL), extracted with EtOAc (10 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via pre-TLC (DCM/MeOH=40/1) to give 2-mercapto-N-methylisonicotinamide (160 mg, 47.6% yield) as a yellow solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=169.0.

2-((2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)-N-methylisonicotinamide (I-131)

To a mixture of 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (236 mg, 1.24 mmol) and 2-mercapto-N-methylisonicotinamide (160 mg, 0.95 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (466 mg, 1.43 mmol), the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 0.5 h. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via pre-TLC (DCM/MeOH=1/1) to give 2-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)-N-methylisonicotinamide (36.6 mg, 13.7% yield) as a white solid. H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.95 (s, 1H), 8.72-8.71 (m, 1H), 8.54 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.46 (m, 1H), 4.86-4.82 (m, 1H), 2.79 (s, 3H), 2.85-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.15 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=280.0.

2-((2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)-N,N-dimethylisonicotinamide (I-132)

I-132 was synthesized via the same method as I-131 substituting dimethylamine for reaction with 33.2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.94 (s, 1H), 8.48-8.47 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.14-7.12 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.85-4.81 (m, 1H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.75-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.14 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=294.0.

Example 34. Synthesis of 6-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)nicotinic acid (1-133)

6-Mercaptonicotinic Acid (34.2)

A mixture of 6-chloronicotinic acid (1 g, 6.35 mmol), thiourea (580 mg, 7.62 mmol) in CH₃CN (10 mL) was refluxed overnight. The precipitate was filtered, the filter cake was collected and dried to get a yellow solid (1.6 g). The solid was resolved in 1M NaOH (12.7 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Then 1M HCl was added to acidified the mixture to Ph=5-6. The precipitate was collected and dried, which was used directly in the next step without further purification (900 mg, yield: 89.7%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.77 (br. s., 1H), 13.24 (br. s., 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.55-7.81 (m, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=9.13 Hz, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]+=156.1.

6-((2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)nicotinic Acid (I-133)

I-133 was synthesized via the same method as I-95. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.35 (br. s., 1H), 10.98 (s, 1H), 8.96-8.77 (m, 1H), 8.09 (dd, J=8.38, 2.25 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.38 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (dd, J=10.51, 5.13 Hz, 1H), 2.67-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.16 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=267.0.

Example 35. Synthesis of 2-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)isonicotinamide (I-130)

4-Carbamoylpyridin-2-yl Carbamimidothioate (35.2)

To a stirred solution of 2-chloroisonicotinamide (1 g, 6.386 mol) in CH₃CN (20 mL) was added thiourea (729.1 mg, 9.58 mol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was heated at 82° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled to r.t. and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified via reverse phase column chromatography (MeOH/H₂O=5%-80%) to give 4-carbamoylpyridin-2-yl carbamimidothioate (890.1 mg, 71.1%) as a yellow solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=197.0

2,2′-Disulfanediyldiisonicotinamide (35.3)

To a stirred solution of 4-carbamoylpyridin-2-yl carbamimidothioate (890 mg, 4.54 mmol) in H₂O (10 mL) was added NaOH (181.6 g, 4.54 mol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was heated to 40° C. for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to r.t. and the mixture was acidified to Ph=6.0 with 1 N HCl aq. to afford yellow solid. The solid was filtered and dried in vacuo to give 2,2′-disulfanediyldiisonicotinamide (490 mg, 70.1%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.23 (s, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 4H), 7.68 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (dd, J=6.4, 1.6 Hz, 2H).

2-((2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)isonicotinamide (I-130)

To a stirred solution of 2,2′-disulfanediyldiisonicotinamide (164 mg, 0.536 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added sodium hyposulfite (186.5 mg, 1.072 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (148 mg, 1.072 mmol) at r.t. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 h. 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (205 mg, 1.072 mmol) was added to the above reaction mixture and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 2 hs. LCMS showed complete consumption of the starting material. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The mixture was purified via reverse phase column chromatography (CH₃CN/H₂O=5%-80%) to give 2-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)isonicotinamide (196.7 mg, 69.2%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.96 (s, 1H), 8.54 (dd, J=5.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.75 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J=5.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (dd, J=10.3, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 2.80-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.15 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=266.0.

Example 36. Synthesis of 2-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)nicotinamide (I-140)

2-Mercaptonicotinamide (36.2)

A suspension of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (4.0 mmol, 620 mg) in 20 mL toluene and thionyl chloride (3.3 g, 28.0 mmol) was heated to reflux for 3 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then concentrated in vacuum. The residue was added 10 mL toluene and concentrated again in vacuum. The obtained acid chloride was subsequently solved in a mixture of ammonium chloride (856 mg, 16.0 mmol), concentrated ammonia (5 mL) and 3 mL of water and stirred at room temperature overnight. After treatment with NaBH₄ (148 mg, 4.0 mmol) for 1 h, the mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified via column chromatography (DCM:MeOH=40:1 to DCM:MeOH=10:1) to give 2-mercaptonicotinamide as a brown solid (246 mg, yield 40%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.98 (s, 1H), 10.06 (s, 1H), 8.49 (dd, J=7.6, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.96-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.01 (dd, J=7.6, 6.0 Hz, 1H).

2-((2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)nicotinamide (I-140)

To a mixture of 2-mercaptonicotinamide (200 mg, 1.3 mmol) in CH₃CN (10 mL) was added 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (374 mg, 1.95 mmol), K₂CO₃ (443.7 mg, 1.361 mmol) at r.t. The reaction was stirred at r.t for 16 h. LC-MS showed complete consumption of the starting material. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by CC on silica gel eluting with CH₃CN:DCM=10:1 to CH₃CN:DCM=1:1 to give 2-((2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)thio)nicotinamide (130 mg, 30) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 10.86 (s, 1H), 8.47 (dd, J=4.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J=7.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.22 (dd, J=7.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (dd, J=9.9, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.76-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.09 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=266.1.

Characterization data for further compounds prepared by the above method are presented in Table 6below. Compounds in Table 6were prepared by methods substantially similar to those described to prepare I-140, where 36.2 was replaced with the reagent as indicated in Tale 6.

TABLE 6 Cpnd # Reagent Compound Characterization I-141

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.92 (s, 1H), 8.47 (dd, J = 4.9, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J = 7.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (dd, J = 7.5, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.00 (s, 3H), 2.81 (s, 3H), 2.71-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.07 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 294.0. I-142

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.87 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H), 8.48 (dd, J = 4.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J = 7.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.79 (dd, J = 9.9, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.58-3.49 (m, 4H), 3.49-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.39 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (s, 3H), 2.71-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.07 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 368.0.

Example 37. Synthesis of 3-((4-(4-methyloxazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-138)

2-(2-Chloropyridin-4-yl)-4-methyloxazole (37.2)

To a stirred solution of 2-chloroisonicotinamide (1.2 g, 7.69 mmol) in toluene (40 mL) was added 1-bromopropan-2-one (1.58 g, 11.5 mmol) and silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (3.0 g, 11.5 mmol). After addition, the reaction mixture was heated to 60° C. and stirred at this temperature for 17 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with EA and filtered. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA:PE=1:4) to give 2-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-4-methyloxazole (0.35 g, 23.5%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.49 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.82-7.77 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.50 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H).

3-((4-(4-Methyloxazol-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-138)

I-138 was synthesized via the same method as I-133. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.97 (s, 1H), 8.56 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (m, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J=5.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.87 (dd, J=10.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.77-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.19 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=304.0.

Example 38. Synthesis of 3-((4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-139)

2-Chloro-4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridine (38.2)

To a stirred solution of 2-chloroisonicotinonitrile (1.0 g, 7.24 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) was added di(n-butyl)tin oxide (0.9 g, 3.62 mmol) and azidotrimethylsilane (4.2 g, 36.2 mmol). After addition, the reaction mixture was heated to 120° C. and stirred at this temperature for 17 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with MeOH and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with EA, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (EA:PE=1:4) to give 2-chloro-4-(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridine (1.0 g, 76.3%) as a yellow solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=182.1.

3-((4-(2H-Tetrazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-139)

I-139 was synthesized via the same method as I-133. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.04 (s, 1H), 8.71 (dd, J=5.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.06-7.93 (m, 1H), 7.80 (dd, J=5.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.03-4.84 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.24 (m, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=291.0.

Example 39. Synthesis of 3-((1-cyclopropyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-70)

2-Chloro-1-cyclopropyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (39.2)

To a mixture of 2-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (1.53 g, 10 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added NaH (600 mg, 15 mmol) at 0° C., the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. Then bromocyclopropane (3.63 g, 30 mmol) was added to the above solution and stirred at r.t. for overnight. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified via pre-TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=8/1) to give the title compound (20 mg, 1% yield) as a colorless oil. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=193.1.

1-Cyclopropyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-thiol (39.3)

To a mixture of 2-chloro-1-cyclopropyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (20 mg, 0.1 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was added thiourea (12 mg, 0.15 mmol), the mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with H₂O (10 mL), extracted with EtOAc (10 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was utilized for next step without further purification. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=191.1.

3-((1-Cyclopropyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-70)

To a mixture of 3-bromopiperidine-2,6-dione (30 mg, 0.11 mmol) and 1-cyclopropyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-thiol (20 mg, 0.105 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (41 mg, 0.126 mmol), the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 0.5 h. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via pre-TLC (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1) to give 3-((1-cyclopropyl-H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (21 mg, 65.6% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.03 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.54 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.16 (m, 2H), 6.01-5.92 (m, 1H), 5.20-5.17 (m, 1H), 5.00-4.90 (m, 2H), 4.86-4.85 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.69 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.45-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.25 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=302.1.

Example 40. Synthesis of 3-((1-(tert-butyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-63)

N-(tert-Butyl)-2-nitroaniline (40.2)

A mixture of 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene (5 g, 35.46 mmol), tert-butylamine (12.9 g, 177 mmol), K₂CO₃ (9.68 g, 70 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for 2 days. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into water (200 mL), extracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by CC on silica gel eluting with PE:EA=100:3 to give n-(tert-butyl)-2-nitroaniline (6 g, yield 87.2%) as a white solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=195.0.

N¹-(tert-butyl)benzene-1,2-diamine (40.3)

To a solution of N-(tert-butyl)-2-nitroaniline (2 g, 10.3 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added 10% palladium on activated carbon (500 mg, 0.471 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under H₂ for 4 h. The mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (PE/EA=2:1) to give N1-(tert-butyl)benzene-1,2-diamine (500 mg, yield 29.4%) as a yellow oil. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=165.0.

1-(tert-Butyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-thione (40.4)

A mixture of N¹-(tert-butyl)benzene-1,2-diamine (316 mg, 1.93 mmol), di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanethione (1.03 g, 5.78 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was refluxed overnight. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by CC on silica gel eluting with PE:EA=4:1 to give 1-(tert-butyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-thione (65 mg, yield 16.2%) as a yellow solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=207.0.

3-((1-(tert-Butyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)thio)piperidine-2,6-dione (I-63)

I-63 was synthesized via the same method as I-95. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.99 (s, 1H), 7.71-7.82 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.16 (m, 2H), 5.05 (dd, J=10.63, 5.25 Hz, 1H), 2.70-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.54-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.45 (m, 2H), 1.86 (s, 9H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=318.1.

Example 41. Synthesis of 1-(1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-88)

2,3-Dibromo-3-phenylpropanenitrile (41.2)

To a stirred solution of cinnamonitrile (2.5 g, 19.38 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was added Br₂ (6.2 g, 38.76 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. Then the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight. The resulting mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and basified with solid NaHCO₃. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3*50 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by CC on silica gel eluting with PE:EA=10:1 to PE:EA=4:1 to give 2,3-dibromo-3-phenylpropanenitrile (3.2 g) as a oil. (yield, 57.7%). LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=290.1.

1-Methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-amine (41.3)

To a solution of 2,3-dibromo-3-phenylpropanenitrile (2 g, 7.0 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added 40% methylhydrazine (805 mg, 7.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. and stirred overnight. Then the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by CC on silica gel eluting with DCM:MeOH=10:1 to give 1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-amine (500 mg, yield 41.2%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.30-7.56 (m, 5H), 5.55 (s, 1H), 4.60 (br. s., 2H), 3.58 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=174.0.

1-(1-Methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-88)

To a solution of 1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-amine (527 mg, 3.05 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was added acrylic acid (263 mg, 3.65 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. and stirred overnight. Then the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in AcOH (5 mL), urea (366 mg, 6.10 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at 120° C. for 2 days. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give 1-(1-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (13.5 mg, yield 1.6%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.44 (s, 1H), 7.35-7.59 (m, 5H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 4.01 (t, J=6.75 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.69 (t, J=6.75 Hz, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=271.1.

Characterization data for further compounds prepared by the above method are presented in Table 7 below. Compounds in Table 7 were prepared by methods substantially similar to those described to prepare I-140, where 41.3 was replaced with the reagent as indicated in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Cpnd # Reagent Compound Characterization I-76

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.38 (s, 1H), 7.60 (d, J = 2.25 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (d, J = 2.25 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (t, J = 6.75 Hz, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.65 (t, J = 6.75 Hz, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 195.1. I-106

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.21 (s, 1H), 7.3 l (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (d, J = 2.0Hz, 1H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.42 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 209.1. I-143

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.33 (s, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J = 6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47 (dd, J = 6.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.26 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 2.65 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M + l]⁺ = 222.1.

Example 42. Synthesis of 5-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-71)

5-Bromothiazolidine-2,4-dione (42.2)

To a mixture of thiazolidine-2,4-dione (42.2 g, 360 mmol) in AcOH (60 mL) at 85° C. was added a solution of Br₂ (57.7 g, 360 mmol) in AcOH (10 mL) dropwise. The reaction mixture was heated to 85° C. and stirred for 1 h, then the mixture was cooled to r.t. and poured into water (800 mL). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×2), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=10/1) to give 5-bromothiazolidine-2,4-dione (55 g, 78.5% yield) as a white solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]+=195.9.

5-(1-Methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-71)

A stirred solution of AgOTf (771 mg, 3 mmol) was cooled to −78° C. under N2 and 1-methyl-1H-indole (262 mg, 2 mmol) was added in portions. Then a solution of 5-bromothiazolidine-2,4-dione (314 mg, 1.6 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 3 h. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with DCM (20 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=5/1) to give 5-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (55.3 mg, 14% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.27 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.19 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.10-7.06 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=247.0.

Example 43. Synthesis of 5-(3-oxopiperazin-1-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-82)

5-(2-Oxo-4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-82)

To a mixture of 4-phenylpiperazin-2-one (176 mg, 1.0 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was added NaH (120 mg, 3.0 mmol) at 0° C., the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. Then 5-bromothiazolidine-2,4-dione (784 mg, 4.0 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added dropwise, The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=4/1) to give 5-(2-oxo-4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (1.6 mg, 0.55% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.31 (s, 1H), 7.26-7.18 (m, 2H), 6.96-6.94 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.84-6.80 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 3.97-3.81 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.46 (m, 4H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=292.0.

5-(3-Oxopiperazin-1-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-77)

I-77 was synthesized via the same method as I-82. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) Q E12.24 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 3.30-3.11 (m, 3H), 2.89-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.52 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=216.0.

Example 44. Synthesis of 2-Imino-5-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)thiazolidin-4-one (I-81)

2-Hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)acetonitrile (44.2)

A solution of NaCN (386 mg, 7.875 mmol) in H₂O (1 mL) was added to a solution of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carbaldehyde (840 mg, 5.25 mmol) and AcOH (473 mg, 7.875 mmol) in DME (10 mL) and the mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄. The solid was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum and purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=4/1) to give 2-hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)acetonitrile (850 mg, 86.6% yield) as a white solid.

2-Imino-5-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)thiazolidin-4-one (I-81)

To a mixture of 2-hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)acetonitrile (570 mg, 3.0 mmol) and thiourea (463 mg, 6.0 mmol) in DME (10 mL) was added conc. HCl (1 mL), the reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. overnight. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄. The solid was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum and purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=8/1) to give 2-imino-5-(1-methyl-H-indazol-3-yl)thiazolidin-4-one (284 mg, 37.8% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.01 (s, 1H), 10.50 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.81 (s, 1H), 4.04 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=247.1.

Example 45. Synthesis of 5-(1-methyl-H-indazol-3-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-91)

To a solution of 2-imino-5-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)thiazolidin-4-one (52 mg, 0.2 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added 8N H₂SO₄ (6 mL) and the mixture was stirred at refluxing for 3 h. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL×3), dried over Na₂SO₄. The solid was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum and purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=8/1) to give 5-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-3-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (1 mg, 2% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.47 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (t, J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (s, 1H), 4.04 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]+=248.0.

Example 46. Synthesis of 5-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-118)

2-Chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (46.2)

POC13 (40 g, 260 mmol) was added dropwise to an ice-cold solution of DMF (6.8 g, 93 mmol) and the deep-red solution was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. N-phenylacetamide (5 g, 37 mmol) was added in portions and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h, then heated to 75° C. overnight. The mixture was poured into ice-water (200 mL) and stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. The solid was filtered and recrystallized from EtOAc to give 2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (3.74 g, 53.4% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.50 (s, 1H), 8.70 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (ddd, J=8.4, 7.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.55 (m, 1H).

2-Hydroxyquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (46.3)

2-chloroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (2.26 g, 11.8 mmol) was dissolved in 4N HCl (45 mL) and refluxed for 2 h. Cooled to r.t. and filtered, the solid was dried under reduce pressure to give 2-hydroxyquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (1.88 g, 91.7% yield) as a yellow solid. HH NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.23 (s, 1H), 10.25 (s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (ddd, J=8.5, 7.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.21 (m, 1H).

1-Methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (46.4)

To a mixture of 2-hydroxyquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (1.53 g, 8.85 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) was added NaH (531 mg, 13.3 mmol) at 0° C., the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h. Then MeI (2.5 g, 17.7 mmol) was added, the mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄. The solid was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum and purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=4/1) to give 1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (1.47 g, 89% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.29 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.01 (dd, J=7.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (ddd, J=8.7, 7.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.22 (m, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H).

2-Hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)acetonitrile (46.5)

A solution of NaCN (681 mg, 13.9 mmol) in H₂O (2 mL) was added to a solution of 1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carbaldehyde (1.3 g, 6.95 mmol) and AcOH (834 mg, 13.9 mmol) in DME (15 mL) and the mixture was stirred at 45° C. for 0.5 h. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (20 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄. The solid was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum and purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=4/1) to give 2-hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)acetonitrile (920 mg, 61.7% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.89 (dd, J=7.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (ddd, J=8.6, 7.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.30 (m, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (dd, J=6.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H).

2-chloro-2-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)acetonitrile (46.6)

To a mixture of 2-hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)acetonitrile (428 mg, 2 mmol) and DMF (one drop) in DCM (8 mL) was added SOCl₂ (476 mg, 4 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at refluxing for 0.5 h. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with DCM (20 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄. The solid was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to give 2-chloro-2-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)acetonitrile (464 mg, 100% yield) as a yellow solid.

5-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (I-118)

To a mixture of 2-chloro-2-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)acetonitrile (232 mg, 1.0 mmol) and thiourea (152 mg, 2.0 mmol) in DME (6 mL) was added conc. HCl (2 mL), the mixture was stirred at 100° C. overnight. To the mixture was added H₂O (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc (30 mL×2). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄. The solid was filtered, the filtrate was concentrated in vacuum and purified via column chromatography (Petroleum ether/EtOAc=1/1) to give 5-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (159.3 mg, 58.1% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.13 (s, 1H), 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.77 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.71-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (s, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=275.0.

Example 47. Synthesis of 1-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-144)

3-Bromo-1-oxo-1,8a-dihydroquinolin-1-ium (47.2)

To a solution of 3-bromoquinoline (1.04 g, 5.0 mmol) in 30 mL DCM was added m-CPBA (860 mg, 5.0 mmol) at 0° C. and stirred at rt for 16 h. LC-MS showed 3-bromoquinoline was consumed. The reaction mixture was diluted with aqueous NaHCO₃, extracted with DCM (30 mL×3), the combined organic phases were washed with brine then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solid was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated and purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE:EA=5:1 to 1:1) to give 3-bromo-1-oxo-1,8a-dihydroquinolin-1-ium (900 mg, yield 80%) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.87 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.06 (dd, J=8.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.91-7.83 (m, 1H), 7.80-7.76 (m, 1H).

3-Bromoquinolin-2(1H)-one (47.3)

To a solution of 3-bromo-1-oxo-1,8a-dihydroquinolin-1-ium (445 mg, 2.0 mmol) in 15 mL DCM was added benzoyl chloride (337 mg, 2.4 mmol) at 0° C., then K₂CO₃ (414 mg, 3.0 mmol) in H₂O (15 mL) was added drop wise. The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t for 16 h. A lot of solid was formed, the solid was filtered and washed with water and DCM to give 3-bromoquinolin-2(1H)-one (365 mg, yield 70%) as off-white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.24 (br s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J=7.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.20 (m, 1H).

3-Bromo-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (47.4)

To a mixture of 3-bromoquinolin-2(1H)-one (224 mg, 1.0 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) was added CH₃I (210 mg, 1.5 mmol), K₂CO₃ (273 mg, 2.0 mmol) at r.t. The reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE:EA=5:1 to 1:1) to 3-bromo-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (132 mg, yield 82%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.75 (dd, J=7.8, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.70-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.24 (m, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H).

tert-Butyl (1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)carbamate (47.5)

To a mixture of 3-bromo-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (100 mg, 0.42 mmol) in 1.4-dioxane (5 mL) was added Xant-phos (48 mg, 0.084 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (20 mg, 0.084 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (274 mg, 0.84 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 100° C. under N₂ in sealed tube for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (PE:EA=10:1 to PE:EA=1:1) to give tert-butyl (1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)carbamate (75 mg, yield 71%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.24 (s, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.88-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.29 (ddd, J=8.0, 6.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 9H).

3-Amino-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (47.6)

To a solution of tert-butyl (1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)carbamate (1.2 g, 4.38 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added TFA (5 mL), The reaction was stirred at r.t for 16 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude product was washed with EA to give 3-amino-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (480 mg, yield 63%) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.42-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.12 (m, 1H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H).

3-((1-Methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)amino)propanoic acid (47.7)

To a solution of 3-amino-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one (174 mg, 1.0 mmol) in Toluene (10 mL) was added acrylic acid (144 mg, 2.0 mmol) at r.t. The reaction was stirred at 100° C. under N₂ in a sealed tube for 16 h. LC-MS showed 50% of the starting material remained. The reaction mixture was concentrated to give crude product 3-((1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)amino)propanoic acid which was used next step without further purification. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=247.1.

1-(1-Methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-144)

To a mixture of 3-((1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)amino)propanoic acid (300 mg crude, 1.0 mmol) in AcOH (10 mL) was added urea (180 mg, 3.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. under N₂ in sealed tube for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified by HPLC to give 1-(1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (2.2 mg) as a white solid (two steps yield, 1%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.44 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.77 (dd, J=7.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (ddd, J=8.6, 7.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.35-7.31 (m, 1H), 3.68 (s, 3H), 3.65 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.70 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=272.1.

Example 48. Synthesis of 1-(2-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-145) and 1-(2-methyl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydroisoquinolin-4-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-146)

N-Methyl-2-phenylacetamide (48.2)

A mixture of methyl 2-phenylacetate (10.0 g, 66.7 mmol) and NH₂CH₃ (15 mL) in EtOH (10 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature then poured into water (500 mL), extracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL), the combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate=2:1) to give the product N-methyl-2-phenylacetamide (5.0 g, yield 50%) as a yellow solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=150.1.

2-Methyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one (48.3)

To a mixture of N-methyl-2-phenylacetamide (10 g, 67 mmol), Paraformaldehyde (2.41 g, 81 mmol) in Eaton's reagent (20 mL) was was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. The mixture was poured into water (500 mL), basified with 1N NaOH aqueous to pH around 8, extracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL), the combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate=2:1) to give 2-methyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one (7.5 g, yield 75%) as a yellow solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=162.1.

4-(Hydroxyimino)-2-methyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one (48.4)

To a solution of 2-methyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one (805 mg, 5.0 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added NaHMDS (3.0 mL, 6.0 mmol) dropwise at −78° C. for 20 min. Then tert-butyl nitrite (5.0 g, 20.0 mmol) was added and stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. The mixture was poured into NH₄Cl (100 mL), extracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL), the combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate=2:1) to give 4-(hydroxyimino)-2-methyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one (800 mg, yield 84%) as a white solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=191.1.

4-Amino-2-methyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one hydrochloride (48.5)

To a solution of 4-(hydroxyimino)-2-methyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one (700 mg, 3.68 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (200 mg) and 3N HCl (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under H₂ with 50 PSI for 1 h. Filtered and concentrated to give crude which was washed with CH₃CN to give 4-amino-2-methyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one hydrochloride (340 mg, yield 72%) as white solid. LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=177.1.

3-((2-Methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)amino)propanoic acid (48.6)

A mixture of 4-amino-2-methyl-1,4-dihydroisoquinolin-3(2H)-one hydrochloride (150 mg, 0.7 mmol) and acrylic acid (259 mg, 3.7 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) in a seal tube was stirred at 110° C. for 48 h. Filtered to give 3-((2-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)amino)propanoic acid (100 mg, yield 50%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.69 (br s, 1H), 9.74 (br s, 1H), 7.68-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.39 (m, 3H), 5.26 (s, 1H), 4.72-4.59 (m, 2H), 3.18-3.11 (m, 1H), 3.08 (s, 3H), 3.07-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.78 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=249.0.

1-(2-Methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-145)

To a solution of 3-((2-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)amino)propanoic acid (49 mg, 0.2 mmol) in AcOH (3 mL) was added urea (60 mg, 10.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. with sealed tube overnight. The reaction mixture concentrated in vacuo and washed with CH₃CN to give 1-(2-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione as brown solid (12 mg, yield: 22%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.35 (s, 1H), 7.35-7.26 (m, 4H), 5.88 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (dd, J=15.9, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H), 3.28-3.22 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.08 (m, 1H), 3.02 (s, 3H), 2.73-2.66 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.54 (m, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=274.1.

1-(2-Methyl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydroisoquinolin-4-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (I-146)

To a solution of 1-(2-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl)dihydropyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (200 mg, 0.73 mmol) in DCE (30 mL) was added DDQ (1.66 g, 7.3 mmol), the mixture was stirred at rt for 48 h. Filtered to give crude product which was washed with water, CH₃CN, DMF to give the product as yellow solid (40 mg, yield, 25%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.35 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.00 (ddd, J=8.6, 4.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.85-3.72 (m, 4H), 3.37 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (ddd, J=16.6, 10.5, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (dt, J=16.5, 5.1 Hz, 1H); LC/MS (ESI, m/z): [M+1]⁺=272.1.

While we have described a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that our basic examples may be altered to provide other embodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the appended claims rather than by the specific embodiments that have been represented by way of example. 

We claim:
 1. A compound of Formula I-b or I-k′:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X³ is a bivalent moiety selected from a —C(R¹)F—, —CF₂—, and —C(R′)₂—; L is —S—; each R¹ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —OR, —SR, —S(O)R, —S(O)₂R, —N(R)₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, —Si(OH)R₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —SiR₃, or an optionally substituted C₁₋₄ aliphatic; or two R¹ groups on the same carbon are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-6 membered spiro fused ring or a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; two R¹ groups on adjacent carbon atoms are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 3-7 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, carbocyclic ring or heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; each R is independently hydrogen, deuterium, or an optionally substituted group selected from C₁₋₆ aliphatic, phenyl, a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, and a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; or two R groups on the same nitrogen are optionally taken together with their intervening atoms to form a 4-8 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or heteroaryl monocyclic ring having 0-1 heteroatom, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 0-2 heteroatoms, in addition to the nitrogen, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; each R² is independently hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR, —NR₂, —Si(OH)₂R, —Si(OH)(R)₂, —Si(R)₃, —S(O)₂R, —S(O)₂NR₂, —S(O)R, —C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, —N(R)S(O)₂NR₂, —P(O)(OR)₂, —P(O)(NR₂)OR, —P(O)(NR₂)₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, optionally substituted 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; Ring B is selected from a 3 to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated carbocyclic ring, phenyl, 8-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring, 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur; wherein Ring B is optionally further substituted with 1-2 oxo groups; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; and n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; provided that the compound is other than the following, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:


2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OR, —N(R)₂, or C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, —C(O)N(R)OR, —OC(O)R, —OC(O)NR₂, —N(R)C(O)OR, —N(R)C(O)NR₂, —N(R)S(O)₂R, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein

is selected from


5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —OR, or C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is selected from hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —NO₂, —OR, —SR, —N(R)₂, —C(O)R, —N(R)C(O)R, —C(O)OR, —C(O)NR₂, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic, optionally substituted phenyl, an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein

is selected from


8. A compound selected from the following: I-4

I-5

I-6

I-9

I-10

I-11

I-12

I-13

I-14

I-15

I-16

I-17

I-58

I-60

I-61

I-62

I-63

I-66

I-67

I-68

I-69

I-70

I-72

I-73

I-74

I-75

I-79

I-80

I-83

I-84

I-85

I-86

I-87

I-89

I-90

I-92

I-93

I-95

I-96

I-97

I-98

I-99

I-100

I-101

I-102

I-104

I-105

I-108

I-109

I-110

I-111

I-112

I-113

I-114

I-116

I-117

I-120

I-121

I-122

I-123

I-126

I-127

I-130

I-131

I-132

I-133

I-134

I-135

I-136

I-137

I-138

I-139

I-140

I-141

I-142

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 8, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.
 10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is an optionally substituted C₁₋₆ aliphatic.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is a C₁₋₆ aliphatic.
 13. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is an optionally substituted phenyl.
 14. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is an optionally substituted 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.
 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.
 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring B is a 8-10 membered bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic ring.
 17. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring B is a 4-7 membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocyclic ring having 1-2 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.
 18. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring B is a 5-6 membered heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.
 19. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring B is a 7-13 membered saturated, partially unsaturated, bridged heterocyclic ring, or a spiro heterocyclic ring having 1-3 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur.
 20. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ring B is a 8-10 membered bicyclic heteroaryl ring having 1-4 heteroatoms, independently selected from boron, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, or sulfur. 